A Percutaneous Catheter for In Vivo Hyperspectral Imaging of Cardiac Tissue: Challenges, Solutions and Future Directions
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Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology (Ó 2020) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13239-020-00476-w
Original Article
A Percutaneous Catheter for In Vivo Hyperspectral Imaging of Cardiac Tissue: Challenges, Solutions and Future Directions KENNETH ARMSTRONG,1 CINNAMON LARSON,1 HUDA ASFOUR,2 TERRY RANSBURY,3 and NARINE SARVAZYAN 2 1
Nocturnal Product Development, LLC, 8128 Renaissance Pkwy #210, Durham, NC 27713, USA; 2Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA; and 3 LuxMed Systems, Inc, 124 Country Drive, Weston, MA 02493, USA (Received 24 December 2019; accepted 30 June 2020) Associate Editor James E. Moore oversaw the review of this article.
Abstract Purpose—Multiple studies have shown that spectral analysis of tissue autofluorescence can be used as a live indicator for various pathophysiological states of cardiac tissue, including ischemia, ablation-induced damage, or scar formation. Yet today there are no percutaneous devices that can detect autofluorescence signals from inside a beating heart. Our aim was to develop a prototype catheter to demonstrate the feasibility of doing so. Methods and Results—Here we summarize technical solutions leading to the development of a percutaneous catheter capable of multispectral imaging of intracardiac surfaces. The process included several iterations of light sources, optical filtering, and image acquisition techniques. The developed system included a compliant balloon, 355 nm laser irradiance, a high-sensitivity CCD, bandpass filtering, and image acquisition synchronized with the cardiac cycle. It enabled us to capture autofluorescence images from multiple spectral bands within the visible range while illuminating the endocardial surface with ultraviolet light. Principal component analysis and other spectral unmixing post-processing algorithms were then used to reveal target tissue. Conclusion—Based on the success of our prototype system, we are confident that the development of ever more sensitive cameras, recent advances in tunable filters, fiber bundles, and other optical and computational components makes it possible to create percutaneous catheters capable of acquiring hyper or multispectral hypercubes, including those based on autofluorescence, in real-time. This opens the door for widespread use of this methodology for high-resolution
Address correspondence to Kenneth Armstrong, Nocturnal Product Development, LLC, 8128 Renaissance Pkwy #210, Durham, NC 27713, USA; Narine Sarvazyan, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA. Electronic mail: [email protected], [email protected]
intraoperative imaging of internal tissues and organs—including cardiovascular applications. Keywords—Autofluorescence, Atrial fibrillation, Catheter ablation, Hyperspectral imaging.
ABBREVIATIONS AF Auf-HSI CCD LA LCTF LED NADH RF UV
Atrial fibrillation Autofluorescence hyperspectral imaging Charged coupled device Left atrium Liquid crystal tunable
