A Review of the Comprehensive Recovery of Valuable Elements from Copper Smelting Open-Circuit Dust and Arsenic Treatment
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04242-0 Ó 2020 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
ELECTROMETALLURGICAL PROCESSING
A Review of the Comprehensive Recovery of Valuable Elements from Copper Smelting Open-Circuit Dust and Arsenic Treatment BIN XU,1 YONGPENG MA,1 WEI GAO ,1,3 JUNKUI YANG,2 YONGBIN YANG,1 QIAN LI,1 and TAO JIANG1 1.—School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China. 2.—Qinghai Xiyu Nonferrous Metals Co., Ltd, Golmud 816000, Qinghai, China. 3.—e-mail: [email protected]
Copper smelting open-circuit (CSO) dust contains various valuable metals, such as copper, lead, and zinc, as well as undesirable toxic elements such as arsenic. Thus, the comprehensive recovery of valuable elements from CSO dust is highly significant from both economic and environmental perspectives. In this review, pyrometallurgical, pyrohydrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes are evaluated after the presentation of the formation mechanism and characterization of CSO dust. Hydrometallurgical processing is more suitable for treating the dust because of its low energy consumption, high metal recovery, and no secondary pollution. After the introduction of valuable metal recovery by cementation, sulfuration precipitation, and solvent extraction from CSO dust leaching solution, arsenic removal from the solution by lime, sulfides, iron salts, and natroalunite precipitations was reviewed. Arsenical natroalunite has excellent long-term stability, so natroalunite precipitation is very promising for arsenic immobilization.
INTRODUCTION Non-ferrous metal smelting is a high energyconsuming and highly polluting industry. The yield of non-ferrous metal in China has ranked first in the world for almost 6 consecutive years. In the nonferrous metal industry, copper production ranks second only after aluminum and occupies an important position. According to the data from the National Bureau of Statistics (Fig. 1a), the output of refined copper in China in 2017 increased by 6.08% from 8.44 million tons to 8.95 million tons in 2016. Fig. 1a and b shows the growth trend of refined copper production in China and globally, respectively, from 2011 to 2017. Continuous growth of copper production poses a severe challenge to the total emission reduction of pollutants in the industry.1 Pyrometallurgical processing technologies, as conventional methods to extract copper from sulfide ores, have been used for decades, and over 75% of copper is recovered by these methods.2,3 The pyrometallurgical treatment of copper will
inevitably generate huge quantities of smelted slags, flue gases, and flue dust.4 Copper smelting open-circuit (CSO) dust is an important by-product of the copper smelting industry with the output accounting for approximately 5–10% of total input.5 The dust normally contains desirable metals (Cu, In, Pb, Zn, Sb, and Bi) as well as unfavorable toxic elements (As and Cd), thereby frequently being classified as hazardous waste which must be further treated.6 Generally, the di
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