A review on synthesis and applications of dendrimers
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REVIEW
A review on synthesis and applications of dendrimers Faezeh Najafi1,2 · Mehdi Salami‑Kalajahi1,2 · Hossein Roghani‑Mamaqani1,2 Received: 23 May 2020 / Accepted: 31 August 2020 © Iranian Chemical Society 2020
Abstract Among molecular structures, colloidal molecules have attracted the attention of the scientific community because of their distinct geometry (topology, size on a nanometer scale). In this field, dendrimers are an example of colloidal polymeric molecules which have a specific size and are identified and regulated by repeating units as generations. The dendrimers are very similar to the colloidal particles in geometric form and size, which is more evident in the higher generations of the colloidal dendrimers. On the other hand, the unique structural features of these macromolecules resemble them as macromolecular colloids. These properties including the high degree of freedom, the controllable molecular size and weight, the need for no initiator, the presence of end groups, the high drug transfer capacity, etc., have made dendrimers applicable to a variety of fields such as medicine, biomedical, pharmaceutical, catalyst, and so on. Keywords Dendrimer · Colloid · Synthesis · Bioapplications Abbreviations PPI Poly(propylene imine) dendrimer PAMAM Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer LC Liquid crystalline dendrimer Tecto Core–shell dendrimer MRI Magnetic resonance imaging EDA Ethylenediamine DAB 1,4-Diaminobutane DOX Doxorubicin PLL Poly(l-lysine) dendrimers Tf Transferrin G Generation PEG Polyethylene glycol AuNPs Gold nanoparticles Cr Chromium DENs Dendrimer nanoparticles Pt Platinum Cu Copper Pd Palladium * Mehdi Salami‑Kalajahi [email protected] * Hossein Roghani‑Mamaqani [email protected] 1
Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, P.O. Box 51335‑1996, Tabriz, Iran
Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, P.O. Box 51335‑1996, Tabriz, Iran
2
3D 3-Dimentional MCF-7 Breast cancer A549 Adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells BCSFB Blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier BBB Blood–brain barrier Zn Zinc Fe Iron CT Computed tomography SM Single molecule
Introduction Dendrimers as globular nano-macromolecules are radially symmetric molecules with well-specified, uniform and integrated structure including tree-like arms or branches [1–4]. The structure of these materials has a profound influence on their physical and chemical properties. Due to their unique behaviors, they are used in a broad range of biomedical and industrial applications. Unbeatable features of dendrimer such as the same size, the highest degree of branch formation, water solubility and presence of internal cavities make them attractive for various applications [5, 6]. In addition, some dendrimers have natural medicinal activities such as antibacterial, antiviral and antitumor activities [7]. Although research on dendrimers began in 1970s, no successful method was reported by the late 1970s. In
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1978, Buhleier et al.
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