A study of the effects of CO, NO 2 , and PM 10 emissions from the Oman Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant on ambient air
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A study of the effects of CO, NO2, and PM10 emissions from the Oman Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant on ambient air quality Sabah A. Abdul-Wahab 1 & Sulaiman O. Fadlallah 2 & Mahmood Al-Riyami 1 & Mahmood Al-Souti 1 & Isra Osman 1 Received: 13 April 2020 / Accepted: 7 July 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Liquefied natural gas (LNG) plants emit enormous amount of emission such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matters (PM10). The Oman LNG LLC is the main provider of LNG and it is the largest contributor to Oman’s national economy. In November 2005, the Oman LNG commissioned a third train with a capacity of 3.3 mtpa of LNG. Only few studies have investigated atmospheric levels of pollutants released from the Oman LNG after the third train became operational. The aim of this paper, therefore, was to study the effect of ground-level concentrations of NO2, CO, and PM10 expelled from the Oman LNG’s operations on ambient air quality in the winter and summer seasons using the CALPUFF dispersion modelling system. The results indicated that the ground-level concentrations of NO2 for 1-h period in the winter and summer seasons at 2027.4 μg/m3 and 625.54 μg/m3, respectively, were significantly higher than the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) concentration limits at 188.2 μg/m3. However, the average concentrations of CO and PM10 for a 1-h exposure period were within the US EPA’s permissible standards. The results of this paper show that the Oman LNG plant’s operations are not in agreement with US EPA regulations, and major actions must be taken by the facility and the government to prevent environmental impacts on Oman’s air quality. Keywords Liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant . CALPUFF . Dispersion . Air quality . Sultanate of Oman
Introduction Among the various energy sources, natural gas stands out today as a promising and clean fossil fuel. In its early years, natural gas was primarily employed to light houses and streetlamps. However, as with other technological * Sabah A. Abdul-Wahab [email protected] Sulaiman O. Fadlallah [email protected] Mahmood Al-Riyami [email protected] Mahmood Al-Souti [email protected] Isra Osman [email protected] 1
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
advancements and in consideration of distribution channel improvements, natural gas is currently being utilized across various sectors (e.g. electricity generation, transportation, residential, commercial) in ways never thought possible previously (Demirbas 2006). In comparison with an estimated yearly growth of 1.8% and 1.5% for coal and oil consumption, respectively, natural gas consumption has been expected to escalate from 2001 to 2025 by an average of 2.8% annually (Demirbas 2006). Despite this potential growth, the natural gas representation in the global market is more trivial than
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