Adsorption of dyes from water by Prunella vulgaris stem and subsequent fungal decolorization
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pISSN: 0256-1115 eISSN: 1975-7220
RAPID COMMUNICATION
INVITED REVIEW PAPER
Adsorption of dyes from water by Prunella vulgaris stem and subsequent fungal decolorization Xueying Zhang*, Jun Zhou**, Yuben Fan***, and Jiayang Liu*,† *School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China **College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China ***College of Biotechnology, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China (Received 26 March 2020 • Revised 27 May 2020 • Accepted 3 June 2020) AbstractThe residue of herbaceous Prunella vulgaris stem (PVS) was evaluated as a potential adsorbent for dye removal, followed by fungal cultivation to achieve dye degradation on solid waste. PVS was analyzed in terms of nutritional composition such as fiber, ash, protein, and fat, which not only played a role in dye adsorption but also provided solid matrix for fungal growth. Five dyes, namely, crystal violet (CV), methylene blue (MB), reactive black 5 (RB), indigo carmine (IC), and direct red 80 (DR), were tested as adsorbates but only CV and MB were effectively adsorbed. Effect of sorbent dose, contact time, dye concentration, and NaCl on adsorption was investigated individually. Langmuir model was suitable for fitting MB adsorption, while adsorption of CV adopted the Freundlich model. The adsorption capacity was calculated to be 625 mg/g for CV and 303 mg/g for MB, respectively. The adsorption process of both dyes was spontaneous and endothermic, and the adsorption followed pseudo 2nd order kinetic model and film diffusion model. The dyed PVS was finally cultivated with fungus Pycnoporus sp., wherein efficient dye decolorization was attained under solid state fermentation. As such, PVS coupled with subsequent fungal degradation might serve as novel alternative for dye effluent treatment. Keywords: Adsorption, Prunella vulgaris, Crystal Violet, Methylene Blue, Dye Removal
authorities, high treatment cost in facilities and operation would be a giant hindrance for such mills with very low profit [7]. It is, therefore, of great significance for those mills to acquire some cheap and easily operated treatment schemes, among which adsorption technology obviously emerges as an effective alternative [7,8]. As such, the cheapest adsorbent materials will go to agro-wastes at hand to be readily collected and with little processing. Researchers have recently fabricated novel catalytic composites or polymers (e.g., Fe3O4/AC/CD/Alg offering 99.5% removal of methylene blue in just 90 min) [9-11], and may also have been familiar with valorization of some agro-wastes, e.g., Azolla pinnata [12], wheat straw [13], and soybean and rice hulls [14] for dye removal, laying a good theoretical foundation for such technique. In addition to raw lignocellulosic materials, they could be used in modified form to render enhanced performance [15]. However, far fewer are aware of PVS regarding its potential and mechanism involved in removing dyes from water. Moreover, the
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