Aerobic Metabolism Impairment in Tambaqui ( Colossoma macropomum ) Juveniles Exposed to Urban Wastewater in Manaus, Amaz
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Aerobic Metabolism Impairment in Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) Juveniles Exposed to Urban Wastewater in Manaus, Amazon Roberta Prestes Jacaúna1 · Daiani Kochhann1,2 · Derek Felipe Campos1 · Adalberto Luis Val1 Received: 15 June 2020 / Accepted: 6 November 2020 / Published online: 17 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential use of metabolic parameters as non-specific biomarkers of pollution. The Igarapé do Quarenta is a small urban river crossing an industrial area in the city of Manaus, Amazon, and receives the city wastewater without treatment. The fish tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) were exposed to water collected from two different sites of that stretch for 96 h. After exposure, routine metabolic rate (RMR) was measured, and fish were euthanized for measurements of electron transport system (ETS) activity, Copper (Cu) and Cadmium (Cd) bioaccumulation and biliary PAHs. Water in the sampling points presented low oxygen and high pH, conductivity, dissolved ions, Cu, Cd and ammonia. Bile concentrations of PAHs were high suggesting industrial pollution. The tambaqui exposed to water from Igarapé do Quarenta showed increased RMR and decreased ETS/RMR suggesting impairment of metabolic fish performance and the potential use of these parameters as biomarkers. Keywords Biomarkers · Pollution · Resting metabolic rate · Biliary metabolites · Bioaccumulation · Metabolic stress In recent decades, river water quality throughout the world is deteriorating due to industrialization, urbanization and agriculture, increasing concerns worldwide (González et al. 2014). Urban rivers play a major role in assimilating and carrying anthropogenic effluents generated by cities (Shrestha and Kazama 2007) and urbanization is the main factor contributing to the degradation of coastal and freshwater systems with multiple sources of pollution, mainly domestic and industrial effluents and water runoff. Wastewater effluents are the main sources of organic matter and nutrients in water bodies, accelerating the process of eutrophication and decreasing dissolved oxygen (González et al. 2014; Lavarías et al. 2017). Metals can enter the environment through atmospheric deposition, industry and mining activities, and are always considered a risk for the maintenance of the ecosystem (Jordanova et al. 2018). The major primary sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are basically * Daiani Kochhann [email protected] 1
Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, Manaus, AM, Brazil
Acaraú Valley State University, Sobral, CE, Brazil
2
organic fuels that are thought to account for over 90% of the environmental concentration of PAHs (Howsam and Jones 1998). These complex mixtures affect the biota in complex ways hampering an evaluation of environmental impacts based on presence/absence of pollutants (Pereira et al. 2010; Radic et al. 2011). Fish respond to pollution by altering their metabolic fun
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