Acute toxicity of hot aqueous extract from leaves of the Terminalia catappa in juvenile fish Colossoma macropomum
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Acute toxicity of hot aqueous extract from leaves of the Terminalia catappa in juvenile fish Colossoma macropomum Juliana Oliveira Meneses, et al. [full author details at the end of the article] Received: 26 March 2020 / Accepted: 13 August 2020/ # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract
Phytoterapy has been used in aquaculture for disease control, especially the Terminalia catappa that demonstrated excellent antimicrobial potential. The aquaculture commonly uses the extract obtained at room temperature, but the hot aqueous extract (HAE) and its effects on the fish are still unknown. This study aimed to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of HAE from Terminalia catappa in juvenile fish Colossoma macropomum as well as to evaluate hematological and histological parameters. Two extracts were obtained in different temperatures and submitted to HPLC. Despite both extracts presented the similar chemical compounds, HAE showed higher levels of compounds and then it was selected. For acute toxicity test, six different extract concentrations (0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, and 0.50 g/L) in triplicate was used. At the end of the experiment, all fishes were submitted to hematological and histological analysis. The LC50 was determined using trimmed Spearman-Karber method, and water quality (pH, temperature, DO, electrical conductivity, and ammonia) were measured. The results were submitted to ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). The HAE showed LC50 of 0.41 g/L with changes on water parameters, such as pH and conductivity, as well as the fish behavior. HAE also altered hematologic parameters and showed histopathological changes on the gill and liver using high concentration of the extract or longtime exposure in low extract concentrations. Despite HAE showed higher concentration of compounds, it remains considered as a practically non-toxic product. Nonetheless, water quality, hematological, and histological alterations must be considered to determine concentrations and strategies of application in vivo. Keywords Almond tree . Median lethal concentration . Phytoterapy . Tambaqui . Hematological alterations . Histopathology
Introduction Given the occurrence of mortalities caused by infectious diseases in aquaculture, new alternatives to the control of pathogens are sought. In this context, the use of phytotherapy has shown positive results. The prospection of phytomedicine for the control of fish diseases, including bacterial (Bhuvaneswari et al. 2018; Zargari et al. 2018; Guo et al. 2019; Hai et al. 2019), fungal
Aquaculture International
(Huang et al. 2015; Salehi et al. 2015), and viral infections (Rusu et al. 2018) as well as parasite infestation (Hai et al. 2019; Kumari et al. 2019), have intensified over time. Among the phytomedicines with antimicrobial potential, the aqueous extract of Terminalia catappa (almond tree) has exhibited excellent results due to its content of flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins. Indeed, this extract has been shown to have potential against parasite (monogenetic, Piscinoodi
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