Air Pollution and Sea Pollution Seen from Space
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Air Pollution and Sea Pollution Seen from Space Camille Viatte1 · Cathy Clerbaux1 · Christophe Maes2 · Pierre Daniel3 · René Garello4 · Sarah Safieddine1 · Fabrice Ardhuin2 Received: 19 November 2019 / Accepted: 19 May 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Air pollution and sea pollution are both impacting human health and all the natural environments on Earth. These complex interactions in the biosphere are becoming better known and understood. Major progress has been made in recent past years for understanding their societal and environmental impacts, thanks to remote sensors placed aboard satellites. This paper describes the state of the art of what is known about air pollution and focuses on specific aspects of marine pollution, which all benefit from the improved knowledge of the small-scale eddy field in the oceans. Examples of recent findings are shown, based on the global observing system (both remote and in situ) with standardized protocols for monitoring emerging environmental threats at the global scale. Keywords Pollution · Atmosphere · Ocean · Space-borne instrument
1 Introduction According to the World Health Organization (WHO), air pollution currently kills more than 4 million people per year (more than cholesterol), and projections indicate that 6.5 million people will be affected in 2050. Pollution levels are very unevenly distributed across the globe (Asia being the most affected), and each individual is affected differently by pollution episodes. On average, an adult inhales about 10 L of air every minute and up to 100 L during sports activities. Children, seniors, and people with cardiovascular or respiratory problems are the most affected. It is estimated that air pollution contributes to 7.6% of all deaths mainly due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases (World Health Organization 2017). Air pollution is ranked as the fifth highest mortality risk factor associated with * Camille Viatte [email protected] 1
LATMOS/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, UVSQ, CNRS, BC 102, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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LOPS, Univ. Brest CNRS/IFREMER/IRD/UBO, 29280 Brest, Plouzané, France
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Météo‑France, Direction des Opérations pour la Prévision, Département Prévision Marine et Océanographique, 42 Av. Coriolis, BP 45712, 31057 Toulouse Cedex 1, France
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UMR Lab‑STICC 6285 ‑ IMT Atlantique Bretagne‑Pays de la Loire, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Campus de Brest, CS 83818, 29238 Brest cedex 03, France
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Surveys in Geophysics
Fig. 1 Mortality related to outdoor pollution (in 2010). The color scale represents the number of deaths over areas of 100 × 100 km, as an annual average, for fine particulate matter ( PM2.5) and ozone. White areas are areas where concentrations are below the limits of health impact. Figure from Lelieveld et al. (2015)
147 million years of healthy life lost (Health Effect Institute 2019). For instance, pollution accounts for 800,000 additional deaths per year in Europe (Fig. 1). Covering more than 70% of our planet, oceans contain the Ear
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