Algal and cyanobacterial biomass as potential dye biodecolorizing material: a review
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REVIEW
Algal and cyanobacterial biomass as potential dye biodecolorizing material: a review Karunya Shetty
. G. Krishnakumar
Received: 23 October 2019 / Accepted: 10 September 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The considerable demand for dyes worldwide has triggered a surge in their production globally. The extensive application of dyes and inefficient dyeing processes has elevated the risk of environmental pollution. The effluents from dying industries contain toxic compounds that are dreadful to both the environment and living beings. Besides, conventional effluent treatment processes have proved ineffective in clearing the dye from the effluent. The sole way of tackling this problem would be by applying a more rational approach that would be sustainable and efficient. After a thorough study of the literature, we are convinced to say that cyanophyceae and algae could serve as one of the promising biodecolorizing agents substituting most other biosorbents used in conventional biological effluent treatment technology. To evidence this we compiled data from the literature, wherein, various algal biomasses capable of decolorizing dye effluents have been examined. This paper also gives comprehensive facts on the mechanism of decolorization, pretreatment, influencing factors, and toxicity of treated products.
K. Shetty (&) G. Krishnakumar Department of Applied Botany, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri 574199, India e-mail: [email protected] G. Krishnakumar e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Algae Biosorption Biodegradation Decolorization Dye effluents Immobilization
Introduction It is estimated that over 10,000 different dyes and pigments are used industrially and over 7 9 105 tons of synthetic dyes are annually produced worldwide (Zollinger 1987; Robinson et al. 2001; Ogugbue et al. 2011). These dyes are of several structural and chemical varieties, including acidic, reactive, basic, disperse, azo, diazo, vat, mordant, sulphur, anthraquinone based and metal-complex dyes (Chu et al. 2009). Azo dyes are most widely used and account up to 60–70% of the total number of dye structures known to be manufactured (Allen 1971; Carliell et al. 1998; Fu and Viraraghavan 2001; Bafana et al. 2011; Hassaan and El Nemr 2017) and widely used in paper printing, textile, food, and cosmetic industries (El-Sheekh et al. 2009). These azo dyes are easy to synthesize, costeffective and have high molar extinction coefficient and mediocre to high fastness properties relative to light as well as to wetness (Seesuriyachan et al. 2007; Bafana et al. 2011). The amount of residual dye in the effluents is of significant concern in recent years, because, not all dye applied to the material to be dyed binds to it. For example, in the processing of fabrics, about 10–15%
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Biotechnol Lett
of synthetic dyes are lost due to inefficiency in dying processes (Ogugbue et al. 2011; Hassaan and El Nemr 2017) which ultimately end up in the water bodies. Most of the s
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