The effects of bisphenol A, F and their mixture on algal and cyanobacterial growth: from additivity to antagonism
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
The effects of bisphenol A, F and their mixture on algal and cyanobacterial growth: from additivity to antagonism Tina Elersek 1
&
Tilen Notersberg 1 & Ana Kovačič 2,3 & Ester Heath 2,3 & Metka Filipič 1
Received: 1 February 2020 / Accepted: 30 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is, due to its widespread use including the production of plastic materials, an ubiquitous pollutant in the aquatic environment. Due to evidence of adverse BPA effects on the environment and human health, its use has been restricted and replaced by analogues such as bisphenol F (BPF). This study examined the toxicity of BPA, BPF and their mixture towards primary producers, the eukaryotic green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the prokaryotic cyanobacterium Synechococcus leopoliensis. The results demonstrated that S. leopoliensis is more sensitive than P. subcapitata, whereas toxic potential of the two BPs is comparable and represents comparable hazard for phytoplankton. The toxicity of the binary mixture was predicted by different models (concentration addition, independent action, combination index and the isobologram method) and compared to experimental data. Additive effect was observed in P. subcapitata over the whole effect concentration range (EC5–EC90), whereas in S. leopoliensis, no pronounced combined effect was observed. The environmental risk characterisation based on the comparison of reported concentrations of BPA and BPF in surface waters to the predicted no-effect concentration values obtained in this study showed that at certain industrial areas, BPA represents environmental risk, whereas BPF does not. However, BPF concentrations in aquatic environment are expected to increase in the future. To enable environmental risk assessment of BP analogues, more data on the toxicity to aquatic species, including combined effect, as well as data on their occurrence in the aquatic environment are needed. Keywords Aquatic ecotoxicology . Plastic pollution . Toxic stress . Growth inhibition . Environmental risk assessment . Pollutant degradation
Introduction Bisphenol A (BPA) is a commercial name for 4,4′-(propane2,2-diyl)diphenol, which was first synthesised in 1891 (Staples et al. 1998). It is used as a raw material for the production of many products such as polycarbonates and epoxy resins, lining of food cans and metal lids (Eio et al. 2015). Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Tina Elersek [email protected] 1
Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
2
Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
3
Jožef Stefan, International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
BPA is released to the environment from production sites, processing plants (Staples et al. 2000), wastewater effluent, landfill leachate (Corrales et al. 2015), plastic (Liao and Kannan 2013), microplastic and other materials wh
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