Alternative Extraction Method of Bioactive Compounds from Mulberry ( Morus nigra L.) Pulp Using Pressurized-Liquid Extra
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Alternative Extraction Method of Bioactive Compounds from Mulberry (Morus nigra L.) Pulp Using Pressurized-Liquid Extraction Estrella Espada-Bellido 1 & Marta Ferreiro-González 1 & Gerardo F. Barbero 1 & Ceferino Carrera 2 & Miguel Palma 1 & Carmelo G. Barroso 1 Received: 11 October 2017 / Accepted: 1 March 2018 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) is one of the most important species of the genus Morus as its fruit contains substantial levels of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds which show a potentially positive effect on the human health. Nowadays, PLE is becoming a promising extraction technology. Therefore, the development of fast extraction methods of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds from mulberry pulp using pressurized-liquid extraction (PLE) has been studied in this paper. The operating conditions (solvent, temperature, pressure, purge time, pH, and flushing) were investigated by a Box–Behnken design. Analysis of the model clearly showed that the most influential factors were temperature and solvent composition. The optimum extraction conditions for anthocyanins were 47.2% methanol in water, a temperature of 75.5 °C, pressure of 200 atm, a purge time of 90 s, pH 3.01, and 50.2% for flushing. The best conditions for the extraction of phenolics were 74.6% methanol, 99.4 °C, 100 atm, 90 s purge, pH 7, and 100% flushing. The optimum extraction time was 10 min. The precision values of the methods were also evaluated and excellent results (RSD < 5%) were obtained. The developed methods were successfully applied to several mulberry marmalade samples. The results using PLE were compared to those achieved by UAE methods. Similar extraction yields were obtained for anthocyanins by PLE and UAE under optimized conditions; however, PLE required less methanol consumption. Besides, PLE showed higher extraction efficiency for total phenolic compounds. From the results, it can be concluded that pressurized-liquid extraction can be considered as an efficient alternative and powerful tool for the extraction of bioactive compounds from mulberries. Keywords Anthocyanins . Box–Behnken design . Mulberry . Phenolic compounds . Pressurized-liquid extraction
Introduction The mulberry tree belongs to the family Moraceae and this is native to Asia, where various parts of the plant have been used in traditional Chinese medicine (well known as medicinal mulberries in the Uygur region) for centuries (Zelova et al. 2014; Jiang and Nie 2015). Mulberry plants are widely cultivated in southern Europe as they grow in areas with mild temperatures and a Mediterranean climate (Elmaci and Altug * Gerardo F. Barbero [email protected] 1
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), IVAGRO, University of Cadiz, P.O. Box 40, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
2
Instituto de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentario (IVAGRO), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cadiz, Ca
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