Green synthesis of multifunctional fluorescent carbon dots from mulberry leaves ( Morus alba L.) residues for simultaneo
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RESEARCH PAPER
Green synthesis of multifunctional fluorescent carbon dots from mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) residues for simultaneous intracellular imaging and drug delivery Yingying Shao & Caoyuan Zhu & Zhifei Fu & Kui Lin & Yidan Wang & Yanxu Chang & Lifeng Han & Haiyang Yu & Fei Tian Received: 11 April 2020 / Accepted: 9 June 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) were directly synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of medicinal mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) residues without the need for any chemical reagent. The CDs were collected successively through filtration, centrifugation, and dialysis from the resultant solution. The as-purified CDs were almost non-cytotoxic and successfully used for the intracellular fluorescence imaging of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). Due to the presence of plentiful surface groups, the CDs were further used as drug carriers for the loading of Lycorine, an anti-cancer alkaloidal extracted from bulbs of Lycoris radiata L.
Importantly, the Lycorine-loaded CDs were successfully applied for simultaneous intracellular imaging and drug delivery for the better anti-cancer cell activity. The present work both provides a strategy for the reuse of medicinal herb residues for the preparation of CDs and promotes a potential application of CDs in biomedicine and bioimaging.
Keywords Carbon dots . Cell imaging . Drug delivery . Medicinal herb residues . Hydrothermal treatment . Nanomedicine
Yingying Shao and Caoyuan Zhu contributed equally to this work. This article is part of the topical collection: Nanoparticles in Biotechnology and Medicine Xiaoshan (Sean) Zhu, University of Nevada, Guest Editor Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-04917-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Y. Shao : Z. Fu : Y. Chang : L. Han : H. Yu (*) : F. Tian (*) Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]
C. Zhu Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhoukou Central Hospital, Zhoukou 466000 Henan, People’s Republic of China
Z. Fu : Y. Chang : L. Han : H. Yu : F. Tian Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People’s Republic of China K. Lin Analytical Instrumentation Centre, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China Y. Wang Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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Introduction Morus alba L. is commonly referred to as white mulberry. Cultivation of mulberry leaves for feeding silkworms and utilization of mulberry leaves in traditional medicinal herbal formulae has been there for thousands of years in China. Ethanolic extracts from mulberry leaves not only help restore the vascular reactivity of chronic diabetic patients
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