Ultrathin NiO nanoflakes perpendicularly oriented on carbon nanotubes as lithium ion battery anode
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B. Chae Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and World Class University (WCU) program of Chemical Convergence for Energy & Environment (C2E2), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
Wei Shi, Jianzhang Fan, and Hongyu Mia) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, People’s Republic of China
Seung Mo Ohb) Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and World Class University (WCU) program of Chemical Convergence for Energy & Environment (C2E2), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea (Received 23 April 2013; accepted 15 July 2013)
Core–shell nickel oxide/carbon nanotube (CNT) microwires, with interconnected nickel oxide nanoflakes (;10 nm in thickness) vertically oriented on polymer-based CNTs, were synthesized by using low-cost starting materials and a scalable growth route. As revealed by morphological characterization, sheet–sheet and wire–wire interwoven of the composite constructed a porous structure. The composite as lithium ion battery anode exhibited high reversible capacity of 752 mAh/g at a current density of 100 mA/g over 30 cycles with 82% capacity retention. Even at high rate (1000 mA/g), the composite still delivered a high charge capacity (304 mAh/g) over 25 cycles. When the rate was reset to its initial value, 87.7% of the initial charge capacity was recovered. The composite showed remarkably enhanced performance compared to pure NiO, which was presumably due to the advantages of porous structure, oriented attachment, and attractive synergetic effect.
I. INTRODUCTION
Designing and developing high-performance anode materials with higher power and energy densities are especially significant for the scale-up applications of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and large energy storage devices.1–6 Nickel oxide (NiO) anode as a candidate of the commercially available graphite possesses advantages of high theoretical capacity (;718 mAh/g), low cost, and environmental benignity, and thus represents a kind of promising material in LIBs. However, NiO endures poor cycle performance because large volume change caused by conversion reactions between NiO and lithium may lead to electrode pulverization and electrical detachment.7–10 Additionally, poor electronic/ionic conductivities also limit the application of NiO anode. Therefore, various strategies are attempted to overcome those disadvantages, in which compounding nanostructured NiO with some conductive buffer matrix is demonstrated to be an effective approach.11–22 Especially, NiO-based nanocomposites, that are assembled from one-dimensional (1D) carbon Address all correspondence to these authors. a) e-mail: [email protected] b) e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2013.227 J. Mater. Res., Vol. 28, No. 18, Sep 28, 2013
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nanotubes (CNTs) or two-dimensional (2D) graphene sheets and 1D NiO nanoparticles or 2D NiO nanosheets, represent ideal architectures with some merits
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