An improved drop casting electrochemical strategy for furosemide quantification in natural waters exploiting chemically
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RESEARCH PAPER
An improved drop casting electrochemical strategy for furosemide quantification in natural waters exploiting chemically reduced graphene oxide on glassy carbon electrodes Sancler C. Vasconcelos 1 & Eduardo M. Rodrigues 1 & Leonardo G. de Almeida 1 & Fábio G. Lepri 1 & Wagner F. Pacheco 1 & Felipe S. Semaan 1 & Rafael M. Dornellas 1 Received: 10 June 2020 / Revised: 16 July 2020 / Accepted: 23 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This work exploits the applicability of a chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRGO) modification on the electrochemical response of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the first-time sensitive determination of furosemide in natural waters. The batch injection analysis (BIA) is proposed as an analytical method, where CRGO-GCE is coupled to a BIA cell for amperometric measurements. Acetate buffer (0.1 μmol L−1, pH 5.2) was used as the background electrolyte. The modification provided an increase in sensitivity (0.024 μA/μmol L−1), low limit of detection (0.7 μmol L−1), RSD (< 4%), and broad linear range (1– 600 μmol L−1). Recovery tests performed in two different concentration ranges resulted in values between 89 and 99%. Recovery tests were performed and compared with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-Vis detection using Student’s t test at a 95% significance level, and no significant differences were found, confirming the accuracy of the method. The developed method is proven faster (169 h−1) compared with the HPLC analysis (5 h−1), also comparable with other flow procedures hereby described, offering a low-cost strategy suitable to quantify an emerging pharmaceutical pollutant. Keywords BIA . Amperometry . GCE . CRGO . Furosemide . Seawater
Introduction Furosemide (5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl) amino]benzoic acid), hereby termed FR (Fig. 1), is a weak acid (pKa of circa 4.0) standing for a class IV compound according to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BSC), which displays low solubility (in water) and low permeability drugs [1]. It is one of the most freely commercialized drugs commonly prescribed for the treatment of heart diseases such as hypertension, heart failure, chronic kidney diseases, and liver cirrhosis and, besides its major therapeutic indications, it is also
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02845-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Rafael M. Dornellas [email protected] 1
Peter Sørensen Group of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ 24020-141, Brazil
widely used, albeit irregularly, as a masking agent after athlete doping, as well as for fast body weigh losses [2, 3]. Due to its low permeability and metabolism, FR is mostly excreted in its unaltered form (± 90%) in urine [4, 5], thus leading to the possibility of environmental exposure and contamination. Previously reported data from Bundgaard et
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