An integrated approach for assessing surface water quality: Case of Beni Haroun dam (Northeast Algeria)
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An integrated approach for assessing surface water quality: Case of Beni Haroun dam (Northeast Algeria) Ahmed Amin Soltani & Abdelmalek Bermad & Hamouda Boutaghane & Amar Oukil Mahmoud Hasbaia & Rafik Oulebsir & Sara Zeroual & Abdelouahab Lefkir
&
Osman Abdalla &
Received: 14 May 2020 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract In this paper, we use an integrated approach to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of water quality in the Beni Haroun (BH) dam, the largest surface water resource in Algeria. Several techniques have been employed under the same framework, including the Canadian Council Ministers Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI), principal component analysis and factor analysis (PCA/FA), the K-means clustering, and the ordinary least square (OLS) analysis. A data set of 22 physicochemical parameters has been collected, over a period of 11 years, from three sampling stations:
A. A. Soltani : M. Hasbaia : S. Zeroual VESDD Laboratory, Hydraulic Department, University of M’sila, P.O. Box 166, 28000, Ichebilia, M’sila, Algeria
Ain Smara (ST1) and Menia (ST2), both located upstream of “Wadi Rhumel,” and BH dam station (ST3), located at the dam site. The PCA/FA enables the identification of seven key factors that influence significantly BH dam water quality. The average values of CCME indices at the BH dam were 17, 40, 42, and 32 for drinking, irrigation, industry, and aquatic life purposes, respectively, which indicate poor water quality, according to the CCME categorization scheme. Besides, the Kmeans algorithm has been proven to be a very useful machine learning tool to detect that the major source of
A. Oukil (*) Department of Operations Management & Business Statistics, College of Economics & Political Science, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 20, PC 123 Muscat, Al Khoud, Oman e-mail: [email protected]
A. A. Soltani e-mail: [email protected] M. Hasbaia e-mail: [email protected] S. Zeroual e-mail: [email protected]
O. Abdalla Water Research Center, Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, PC 123 Muscat, Al Khoud, Oman e-mail: [email protected]
A. Bermad Hydraulics Department, Ecole Nationale Polytechnique d’Alger, Algiers, Algeria e-mail: [email protected]
R. Oulebsir Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria e-mail: [email protected]
H. Boutaghane Hydraulics Department, Engineering Faculty, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria e-mail: [email protected]
A. Lefkir Ecole National des Travaux Publics, Algiers, Algeria e-mail: [email protected]
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BH dam pollution is “Wadi Rhumel.” Finally, OLS analysis, along with the Mann-Kendall test, highlighted the positive trend of BH dam’s water quality. Keywords Water quality . CCME-WQI . PCA/FA . K-means . Ordinary least square . Beni Haroun dam
Introduction “The most impressive attribute of the Earth is the existence and amount of
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