An Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Light, Electrons, X-Rays, or Ultrasound
Many people look upon a microscope as a mere instrument(l); to them microscopy is instrumentation. Other people consider a microscope to be simply an aid to the eye; to them microscopy is primarily an expan sion of macroscopy. In actuality, microscopy is
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Field-ion micrograph of a platinum crystal by the late Professor Erwin W. Muller of The Pennsylvania State University, by courtesy of Professor T. T. Tsong, Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University.
An Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Light, Electrons, X-Rays, or Ultrasound Theodore George Rochow North Carolina State University at Raleigh Raleigh, North Carolina
and
Eugene George Rochow Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts
PLENUM PRESS' NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Rochow, T G An introduction to microscopy by means of light, electrons, x-rays, or ultrasound. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Microscope and microscopy. I. Rochow, Eugene George, 1909joint author. ll. Title. [DNLM: 1. Microscopy. 2. Microscopy, Electron. 3. Radiation, Ionizing. 4. Ultrasonics. QH205.2 R68lil QH205.2.R63 502'.8 78-7529 ISBN- 13: 978-1-4684-2456-0 001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2454-6
e-ISBN- 13: 978-1-4684-2454-6
First Printing - Octo ber 1978 Second Printing - August 1979
©1978 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1978 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 All righ ts reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
In honor of the succession of teachers of microscopy at Cornell University
SIMON HENRY GAGE EMILE MONNIN CHAMOT CLYDE WALTER MASON and GEORGE GOSSON COCKS
Preface Many people look upon a microscope as a mere instrument(l); to them microscopy is instrumentation. Other people consider a microscope to be simply an aid to the eye; to them microscopy is primarily an expansion of macroscopy. In actuality, microscopy is both objective and subjective; it is seeing through an instrument by means of the eye, and more importantly, the brain. The function of the brain is to interpret the eye's image in terms of the object's structure. Thought and experience are required to distinguish structure from artifact. It is said that Galileo (1564-1642) had his associates first look through his telescopemicroscope at very familiar objects to convince them that the image was a true representation of the object. Then he would have them proceed to hitherto unknown worlds too far or too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Since Galileo's time, light microscopes have been improved so much that performance is now very close to theoretical limits. Electron microscopes have been developed in the last four decades to exhibit thousands of times the resolving power of the light microscope. Through the news media everyone is made aware of the marvelous microscopical accomplishments in imagery. However, little or no hint is given as to what parts of the image are derived from the specimen itself and what parts are from the instrumentation, to say nothing of the changes made during pre
