Molecular characterization of canine coronaviruses: an enteric and pantropic approach
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Molecular characterization of canine coronaviruses: an enteric and pantropic approach Mehmet Ozkan Timurkan1 · Hakan Aydin1 · Ender Dincer2 · Nuvit Coskun3 Received: 22 July 2020 / Accepted: 27 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Canine coronavirus (CCoV) generally causes an infection with high morbidity and low mortality in dogs. In recent years, studies on coronaviruses have gained a momentum due to coronavirus outbreaks. Mutations in coronaviruses can result in deadly diseases in new hosts (such as SARS-CoV-2) or cause changes in organ-tissue affinity, as occurred with feline infectious peritonitis virus, exacerbating their pathogenesis. In recent studies on different types of CCoV, the pantropic strains characterized by hypervirulent and multi-systemic infections are believed to be emerging, in contrast to classical enteric coronavirus infections. In this study, we investigated emerging hypervirulent and multi-systemic CCoV strains using molecular and bioinformatic analysis, and examined differences between enteric and pantropic CCoV strains at the phylogenetic level. RT-PCR was performed with specific primers to identify the coronavirus M (membrane) and S (spike) genes, and samples were then subjected to DNA sequencing. In phylogenetic analysis, four out of 26 samples were classified as CCoV-1. The remaining 22 samples were all classified as CCoV-2a. In the CCoV-2a group, six samples were in branches close to enteric strains, and 16 samples were in the branches close to pantropic strains. Enteric and pantropic strains were compared by molecular genotyping of CCoV in dogs. Phylogenetic analysis of hypervirulent pantropic strains was carried out at the amino acid and nucleotide sequence levels. CCoV was found to be divergent from the original strain. This implies that some CCoV strains have become pantropic strains that cause multisystemic infections, and they should not be ruled out as the cause of severe diarrhea and multisystemic infections.
Introduction Coronaviruses infect enteric and respiratory system cells in mammals and birds and usually cause mild symptoms. They are enveloped viruses with helical symmetry and a singlestranded RNA genome of positive polarity. They belong to the family Coronaviridae of the order Nidovirales. The subfamily Orthocoronavirinae within the family Coronaviridae consists of four genera: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. The genus Handling Editor: Tim Skern. * Mehmet Ozkan Timurkan [email protected] 1
Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Yakutiye, Erzurum, Turkey
2
Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Kiraz, İzmir, Turkey
3
Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
Alphacoronavirus includes human coronaviruses (229E and NL63), canine coronavirus (CCoV), feline coronavirus (FCoV), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (T
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