Antimicrobial and larvicidal activity of zinc-substituted hydroxyapatite
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Bull Mater Sci (2020) 43:218 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-020-02192-6
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Antimicrobial and larvicidal activity of zinc-substituted hydroxyapatite N VALARMATHI, K SABAREESWARI and S SUMATHI* Department of Chemistry, SAS, VIT, Vellore 632014, India *Author for correspondence ([email protected]) MS received 17 August 2019; accepted 28 February 2020 Abstract. Mosquitoes transmit serious human infections and cause a number of deaths in tropical and subtropical environment countries every year. In the present work the zinc-substituted hydroxyapatite Ca5-xZnx(PO4)3OH (x = 0, 0.05, 0.2 and 1.0) was synthesized by two different methods: the hydrothermal method and the sol–gel method. The phase formation, functional group and surface morphology of Zn-HAP were authenticated using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds was tested against different organisms such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Moreover, excellent antimicrobial activity was observed for hydrothermalsynthesized (Zn-HAP) compound compared to that of the sol–gel method. The synthesized Zn-HAP nanoparticles were reported for larvicidal activity against the filarial and Japanese encephalitis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus. The hydrothermal-synthesized (1.0 M Zn-HAP) compound exhibited higher larvicidal activity (93 ± 6.62) with minimum lethal concentration LC50 (33.74 mg ml-1) (to kill 50% of the care for larvae of the relevant species) and LC90 (139.92 mg ml-1) (to kill 90% of the treated larvae of the respective species) after 24 h, respectively than that of the sol– gel method. Keywords.
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Zn-HAP; sol–gel method; hydrothermal method; antimicrobial activity; larvicidal activity.
Introduction
In the tropical and subtropical regions, the mosquitoes are contributing towards diseases like dengue, chikungunya, malaria, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, filariasis and several arboviruses [1–3]. Most important mosquito-borne viral infection is dengue, its main vector is the Aedes aegypti mosquitos [4]. Around the world, 2.5 billion people become sick due to dengue in the urban and semi-urban areas. World Health Organization reported, approximately 100 million people are affected by dengue infections each year [5]. Culex quinquefasciatus are most well-known vectors for Japanese encephalitis, it is the major viral encephalitis in urban and semi-urban regions [6]. To avoid explosion of mosquito-borne diseases and to prevent the human health the mosquito control is necessary [7]. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) [Ca10(PO4)6OH2 or Ca5(PO4)3OH] is a biomaterial which is utilized in a variety of biological applications, such as antimicrobial, orthopaedic, drug delivery and dentistry, due to its structure which is equal of the natural bone, admirable biocompatibility and aptitude to cellular growth functions [8]. However, the pure HAP has
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