Antioxidant responses against aluminum metal stress in Geitlerinema amphibium
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Antioxidant responses against aluminum metal stress in Geitlerinema amphibium Biswajita Pradhan1 · Srimanta Patra1 · Soumya Ranjan Dash1 · Sairendri Maharana1 · Chhandashree Behera1 · Mrutyunjay Jena1 Received: 4 February 2020 / Accepted: 25 March 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract In the current scenario, aluminum is one of the major metals that cause environmental pollution and has ill impact on organism health. As around 40% of bauxite deposits of India are available in Odisha, aluminum toxicity in the soil has impacted as an intimidating problem of Odisha. This aluminum metal pollution is regarded as a primary factor for limiting crop productivity in acidic soils of tropic and subtropic countries. The presence of a high degree of aluminum metal in the soil leads to loss of beneficial microflora, i.e., nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria that play a key role in soil fertility. Hence, this investigation was performed on a filamentous non-heterocystous cyanobacterium Geitlerinema amphibium isolated from the aluminum-polluted sites, i.e., NALCO, Ash pond, Angul to uncover the defense mechanism of the strain exhibited under such stress. The strain was treated with different doses of AlCl3 (0–100 µM), and we observed redox imbalance leading to oxidative stress. Post-treatment of AlCl3, a remarkable decline in growth was evident with possible modifications in pigments associated with the phenomena. Further to combat against the stress under the redox environment, the organism activated antioxidant enzymes CAT, APX, GR, GPX, and SOD which were measured to identify the key responses involved in it. All the stress responsive enzymes were analyzed to demonstrate the interlink between the induction of stress and their detoxification through cellular response. The outcome of the work explored the multifaceted role of oxidative upset caused by A lCl3 pollutants and the cellular antioxidative strategies deployed by G. amphibium to nullify them. Keywords Cyanobacteria · Aluminum · Antioxidants · Stress · Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
1 Introduction Aluminum (Al) is one of the abundant metal pollutants found in the earth’s crust. The major sources of Al pollutants are industrial mining, bauxite ore smelting, aluminum-made house appliances, food additives, wrapping materials, cosmetics and medicines waste [38]. As a result of the high demand for aluminum, the aluminum industries are steadily growing worldwide. In Odisha, Al pollution has been a looming problem since the large quantity of bauxite ore mines is being smelted and refined at
VENDANTA mines and NALCO, respectively. The surroundings of these sites are contaminated by Al pollutants, and a sharp decline in crop production and human health has been observed in recent years. The contamination of Al pollutants heavily affects the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem and drives a major concern toward their treatment. Cyanobacteria are autotrophic microorganisms regarded as the most prominent component of the aquatic and soil microbiota. These groups of bacte
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