Probabilistic human health risk assessment associated with fluoride and arsenic co-occurrence in drinking water from the
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Probabilistic human health risk assessment associated with fluoride and arsenic co-occurrence in drinking water from the metropolitan area of San Luis Potosí, Mexico Juan C. Fernández-Macias & Ángeles C. Ochoa-Martínez & Sandra T. Orta-García & José A. Varela-Silva & Iván N. Pérez-Maldonado
Received: 13 May 2020 / Accepted: 11 October 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract A major public health concern in Mexico is the natural contamination of groundwater with fluoride and arsenic. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the magnitude of human health risk after determining fluoride and arsenic concentrations in groundwater samples (n = 50) from the Metropolitan area of the city of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Fluoride levels in water were determined via a potentiometric method using an ionselective electrode. Arsenic concentrations in water samples were determined with an Atomic Absorption technique. Subsequently, a probabilistic health risk Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08675-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. J. C. Fernández-Macias : Á. C. Ochoa-Martínez : S. T. Orta-García : J. A. Varela-Silva : I. N. Pérez-Maldonado Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico J. C. Fernández-Macias : Á. C. Ochoa-Martínez : S. T. Orta-García : J. A. Varela-Silva : I. N. Pérez-Maldonado (*) Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] J. A. Varela-Silva Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
assessment was developed (Monte Carlo Analysis). Fluoride levels in water ranged from 0.20 to 3.50 mg/ L. For arsenic, the mean level found in the assessed water samples was 15.5 ± 5.50 μg/L (range: 2.50– 30.0 μg/L). In addition, when the probabilistic health risk assessment was completed, a mean HI (cumulative hazardous index) of higher than 1 was detected, indicating a high NCR (non-carcinogenic risk) for children and adults. According to the results found in this study, exposure protection campaigns are imperative in the Metropolitan area of the city of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, to successfully diminish exposure to arsenic and fluoride and, as a consequence, decrease the NCR in the population living in that region of Mexico. Keywords Arsenic . Fluoride . Mexico . Monte Carlo simulation . Probabilistic health risk assessment
Introduction The natural contamination of groundwater with fluoride and arsenic has emerged as a very important public health concern worldwide that requires quick resolution. In this respect, groundwater with elevated concentrations of fluoride has been detected on practically every continent (Jia et al. 2019)
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