Assessment of hydro-geochemical properties of groundwater under the effect of desalination wastewater discharge in an ar
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Assessment of hydro-geochemical properties of groundwater under the effect of desalination wastewater discharge in an arid area Ehsan Kamali Maskooni 1,2 & Hossein Hashemi 2 & Mazda Kompanizare 3 & Peyman Daneshkar Arasteh 4 & Hassan Vagharfard 1 & Ronny Berndtsson 2 Received: 7 March 2020 / Accepted: 9 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Desalination to increase irrigation water supply for agricultural production is becoming important in water-scarce regions. While desalination has positive effects on the potential irrigation water quantity and quality, the technique may also be a considered potential source of groundwater pollution. The present study investigated the effects of desalination wastewater discharge on groundwater quality in an arid area in southern Iran for the 2012–2017 period. The chemical composition of the groundwater samples was evaluated considering pH, EC, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42+, Cl−, and HCO3−. The suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes as well as spatial pattern of groundwater pollution was analyzed. The results showed that mean concentration of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, and Cl− in all investigated wells increased from 148, 94, 46, 247, and 257 mg/L in 2012 to 282, 146, 71, 319, and 582 mg/L in 2017, respectively. Using Gibb’s diagram, it was shown that the groundwater quality is slightly alkaline and primarily controlled by evaporation. Based on our findings, about 78% of the study aquifer displayed groundwater with good to excellent water quality that can be used for drinking and irrigation purposes. However, the eastern part of the aquifer was classified as unsuitable for use due to the disposal of desalination plant wastewater. The spatial distribution of WQI and other indices such as SAR, TDS, and TH showed that groundwater in the eastern part of the aquifer has deteriorated since the establishment of the desalination plants. To reverse this trend, it is important to implement regulations against wastewater discharge from desalination plants. Keywords Water salinity . Factor analysis . Water quality index . Wastewater . Desalination
Introduction Groundwater is an important source of drinking and irrigation water supply worldwide. Hence, for sustainability of
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Peyman Daneshkar Arasteh [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Watershed Management and Engineering, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-Abbas, Iran
2
Department of Water Resources Engineering & Centre for Middle Eastern Studies, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
3
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
4
Department of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
groundwater resources, it is important to monitor changes in quality and quantity in time and space. Assessment of groundwater quality will provide information that is important f
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