Assessment of Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Analytical Spectroscopy: an Evolution to High-Throughput Techniques
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Assessment of Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Analytical Spectroscopy: an Evolution to High-Throughput Techniques Jason S. Lupoi & Seema Singh & Blake A. Simmons & Robert J. Henry
# The Author(s) 2013. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract Lignocellulosic biomass has been proposed as an option for reducing global dependence on nonrenewable energy sources, such as oil. Selection and development of biomass feedstocks that efficiently yield the maximum fuel or biomaterial requires the availability of reliable methods for compositional and structural characterization of plant material. Many standard methods for biomass analysis are laborious and slow, and employ a variety of harsh reagents requiring some degree of remediation. The use of simpler and more rapid spectroscopic methods has proved invaluable in analyzing biomass. In the twenty-first century, researchers have employed techniques such as Raman, mid-infrared, and near-infrared spectroscopy for a wide range of applications in endeavors to further understand biofuel feedstocks. While many methods remain time consuming and expensive, a growing interest in high-throughput spectroscopic techniques has provided faster and larger scale feedstock screening for desirable traits. This review seeks to provide an overview of
J. S. Lupoi : B. A. Simmons : R. J. Henry Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia 4072 B. A. Simmons e-mail: [email protected] R. J. Henry e-mail: [email protected] J. S. Lupoi (*) : S. Singh : B. A. Simmons Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA e-mail: [email protected] S. Singh e-mail: [email protected] S. Singh : B. A. Simmons Biological and Materials Science Center, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
both high-throughput techniques and those requiring longer analysis times but still providing abundant qualitative and quantitative data. While applications of these instrumental methods have been researched for decades, more recent developments will be discussed here. Keywords Biomass . Spectroscopy . Raman spectroscopy . Near-infrared spectroscopy . Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy . High-throughput . Chemometrics
Background The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to diverse fuel sources is considered one possible solution to supplant world dependence on fossil fuels due to abundant biopolymers, cellulose, and lignin. Perlack et al., in a 2011 update to the 2005 US Department of Energy Billion Ton Report, estimated that the available biomass from agricultural and forest crops including wastes plus dedicated energy feedstocks, in the US, is between 400 and 600 million tons at a cost of $60 per dry ton or less [1, 2]. To eliminate the fuel versus food dichotomy, the use of first generation crops such as corn has declined, while research on second generation feedstocks such as poplar, switchgrass, Miscanthus, an
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