The Role of the Ocean in Global Cycling of Persistent Organic Contaminants
Persistent organic contaminants, which are bioaccumulative and toxic are a concern for the ecosystems and human health and are regulated under international law (global and regional conventions, besides other). If semivolatile, they cycle in different env
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Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs Volume 18 Edited by Jürgen Basedow Peter Ehlers Hartmut Graßl Lars Kaleschke Hans-Joachim Koch Doris König Rainer Lagoni Gerhard Lammel Ulrich Magnus Peter Mankowski Marian Paschke Thomas Pohlmann Uwe Schneider Jürgen Sündermann Rüdiger Wolfrum Wilfried Zahel
Irene Stemmler
The Role of the Ocean in Global Cycling of Persistent Organic Contaminants Refinement and Application of a Global Multicompartment Chemistry-Transport Model
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Dr. Irene Stemmler Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Joh.-Joachim-Becher-Weg 27 55128 Mainz Germany [email protected]
Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde an der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der Universität Hamburg Erstgutachter: Dr. Thomas Pohlmann Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Lammel Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 27. Mai 2009 ISSN 1614-2462 e-ISSN 1867-9587 ISBN 978-3-642-05008-4 e-ISBN 978-3-642-05009-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-05009-1 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010922989 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Foreword
The global ocean serves as a repository for long-lived anthropogenic, so-called persistent chemicals. Inputs are riverine runoff and atmospheric deposition. Therefore, pollution is not limited to the marginal seas. Extremely low concentrations are expected in open seawater, but many organic substances tend to accumulate in biota, both fauna and Àora, and the more the higher the trophic level along the marine food chain (bio-accumulation). This has caused detrimental effects in marine wild life and poses a hazard for human health. The causative substances are called persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Since recent years the protection of the marine (and total) environment against POPs has been the subject of internationally binding legislation. Science is developing tools with the aim to predict the behaviour and distribution of old and new (and even non-existing) chemicals and quantify environmen
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