Automatic Segmentation Framework for Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization Cancer Diagnosis
In this paper we address a problem of HER2 and CEN-17 reactions detection in fluorescence in situ hybridization images. These images are very often used in situation where typical biopsy examination is not able to provide enough information to decide on t
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According to the data provided by the National Cancer Registry, breast cancer is one of the most often diagnosed cancers among middle–age women [1]. Just in Poland, before 2016, there were 17144 diagnosed cases of breast cancer. This number is increasing year after year. For instance, between 2009 to 2012 there was an increase of 1280 diagnosed cases. The same records show that out of 17144 cancer cases there were 5651 deaths in 2012 which is 341 more than in 2009. Most of these cases could have been fully recovered if the diagnosis would be made in the early stage of the disease, because cancers in their early stages are vulnerable to treatment. To reduce the number of deaths it is crucial to perform a reliable and fast diagnosis that will allow for the determination of an appropriate treatment. For this purpose when a suspicious growth is found during the screening mammography tests a fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) or a core biopsy (CB) is taken. During these examinations a small sample from the questionable breast tissue is extracted and a prognostic factor is evaluated according to the so called Bloom–Richardson c IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2016 Published by Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016. All Rights Reserved K. Saeed and W. Homenda (Eds.): CISIM 2016, LNCS 9842, pp. 148–159, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45378-1 14
Automatic Segmentation Framework for FISH Cancer Diagnosis
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Fig. 1. HER2 slides. (a) ImmunoHistoChemistry staining image, (b) FISH test image. (Color figure online)
scheme [3]. This procedure, called a malignancy grading, allows the pathologist to describe the type of cancer in detail and estimate its behavior with or without undertaking treatment. Sometimes, when a difficult case is under diagnosis, the above techniques might require additional tests. This is why, for a more accurate diagnosis, a set of different examinations are performed. They will test for the presence of a HER2 gene and HER2 receptors that stimulate the growth of cancer cells. HER2 expression plays an important role in breast cancer diagnosis and the appropriate treatment is chosen accordingly to its status [11]. To determine the status of breast cancer biomarker such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) a routine ImmunoHistoChemistry (IHC) or Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) tests are performed. – ImmunoHistoChemistry – is a staining process that shows if HER2 receptors and hormone receptors are present on the surface of the cancer cells (see Fig. 1a). This test helps in identification of the antigens in cells. This is possible due to binding of antibodies to the proteins. The final diagnosis is based on the estimation of different markers that may appear within and around the tumor cells [31]. – Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization – is a test that allows for a visualization of genes, in this case HER2 gene [15] (see Fig. 1b). In breast cancer diagnosis it is used to determine if the cancer cells have additional copies of that gene. The ru
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