Avocado kernels, an industrial residue: a source of compounds with insecticidal activity against silverleaf whitefly
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Avocado kernels, an industrial residue: a source of compounds with insecticidal activity against silverleaf whitefly Sheila Salles de Carvalho 1 & Leandro do Prado Ribeiro 2 & Moacir Rossi Forim 3 & Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes da Silva 3 & Keylla Utherdyany Bicalho 3 & João Batista Fernandes 3 & José Djair Vendramim 1 Received: 2 June 2020 / Accepted: 27 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Fruit processing waste, such as kernels (endocarp + seed) of avocado [Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae)], could be used as raw material in the preparation of botanical insecticides. In light of this potential, this study assessed the insecticidal action of extracts and fractions from kernels of two avocado cultivars (Breda and Margarida) on Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype B, an important pest species in tropical conditions. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts prepared from kernels of P. americana, regardless of the plant cultivar used, caused promising insecticidal activity to whitefly nymphs. Based on yield in crude extracts [10.32 and 9.85% (w/w), respectively, for cultivars Breda and Margarida], on the bioassay results with crude extracts and on the chemical profiles, the ethanolic extract of kernels of P. americana cv. Breda was chose for the continuation of the study. Thus, the ethanolic extract of kernels of cv. Breda (LC50 = 197.84 ppm and LC90 = 567.19 ppm) was selected and subjected to fractionation by the liquidliquid partition technique. The hexane and dichloromethane fractions of this extract caused significant mortality of nymphs. The analysis using the ultraviolet (UV) and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) showed the presence of long-chain aliphatic compounds (alkanols or acetogenins of Lauraceae), alkylfurans (or avocadofurans), and unsaturated fatty acids in these fractions, which are possibly related to bioactivity observed in B. tabaci, besides saccharides. The results show that kernels of P. americana are promising sources of compounds with insecticidal action for the control of B. tabaci biotype B, a great opportunity to transform environmental problems into eco-friendly solutions to agriculture. Keywords Bemisia tabaci biotype B . Allelochemicals . Avocadofurans . Bioinsecticide . Industrial residue
Introduction Responsible Editor: Giovanni Benelli Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10675-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Leandro do Prado Ribeiro [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Entomology and Acarology, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil
2
Research Center for Family Agriculture, Agricultural Research and Rural Extension Company of Santa Catarina (CEPAF/EPAGRI), Rua Servidão Ferdinando Ricieri Tusset S/N - Bairro São Cristóvão, Chapecó, Santa Catarina CEP 898
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