Penicillium verruculosum SG: a source of polyketide and bioactive compounds with varying cytotoxic activities against no
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Original Paper
Penicillium verruculosum SG: a source of polyketide and bioactive compounds with varying cytotoxic activities against normal and cancer lines Salma Gul Shah · W. Thomas Shier · Jamaluddin · Nawaz Tahir · Abdul Hameed · Safia Ahmad · Naeem Ali
Received: 16 September 2013 / Revised: 26 November 2013 / Accepted: 3 December 2013 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Abstract A newly isolated fungus Penicillium verruculosum SG was evaluated for the production and characterization of bioactive colored secondary metabolites using solid-state fermentation along with their cytotoxic activities against normal and cancer cell lines. Logical fragmentation pattern following column chromatography, thin layer chromatography and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of crude culture filtrate of fungus revealed the presence of different polyketide pigments and other bioactive compounds. Cytotoxicity of the selected colored fractions of fungal filtrate containing different compounds revealed IC50 (μg/ml) values ranging from 5 to 100. It was significantly higher in case of orevactaene (5 + 0.44) and monascorubrine followed by pyripyropene (8 + 0.63) S. G. Shah and N. Ali contributed equally. Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00203-013-0945-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. S. G. Shah · A. Hameed · S. Ahmad · N. Ali (*) Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan e-mail: [email protected] W. T. Shier Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Jamaluddin Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan N. Tahir Department of Physics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
against cancer cell line KA3IT. Overall, these compounds considerably showed less toxicity toward normal cell lines NIH3T3, HSCT6, HEK293 and MDCK. XRD of a yellow crystalline compound (224.21 m/z) confirmed its 3-dimensional structure as phenazine 1 carboxylic acid (C13H8N2O2) (broad spectrum antibiotic), and it is first time reported in fungi. Keywords Fungi · Bioactive compounds · Colored metabolites · Cytotoxicity
Introduction The enormous use of artificial dyes and pigments imposes a great deal of harmful effects on aquatic and terrestrial environments and creates a serious concern in the environmental circles to find safe alternatives (Osman et al. 2004). Contrarily, natural colorants extracted from different biological sources have been proven to be safe, less toxic and easily biodegradable in natural environment (Sivakumar et al. 2009; Wissgott and Bortlik 1996; Kim et al. 2005; Ferruzzi and Schwartz 2005). Thus, the scope of application natural colorant is considerably higher in areas of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food and dyeing industries (Velmurugan et al. 2010). In response to increasing consumer’s demand of safe colorants, manufacturers have been moving toward more natura
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