Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from Urumqi, China: distribution, source contributions, and potential health r
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from Urumqi, China: distribution, source contributions, and potential health risks Min Chen & Ping Huang & Li Chen
Received: 2 August 2012 / Accepted: 16 October 2012 / Published online: 9 November 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012
Abstract Concentrations of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in 28 surface soils samples collected from Urumqi, northwest China, for examination of distributions, source contributions, and potential health effects. The results indicated that the sum of 16 PAHs concentration ranged from 331 to 15,799 μgkg−1 (dw) in soils, with a mean of 5,018 ± 4,896 μg kg −1 (n 028). The sum of seven carPAHs concentration ranged from 4 to 1,879 μgkg−1 (dw; n028). The highest ∑PAHs concentrations were found at roadsides and industrial sites, followed by those at parks, rural areas, and business/residential areas. Coal combustion, emission of diesel and gasoline from vehicles, and petroleum source were four sources of PAHs as determined by PMF analysis, which contributed 51.19, 19.02, 18.35, and 11.42 % to the PAH sources,
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10661-012-2973-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. M. Chen : P. Huang (*) School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guang Zhou 510275, China e-mail: [email protected] M. Chen e-mail: [email protected] L. Chen Institute of Plant Protection and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
respectively. Excellent coefficients of correlation between the measured and predicted PAHs concentrations suggested that the PMF model was very effective to estimate sources of PAHs in soils. Incremental lifetime cancer risk values at the 95th percentile due to human exposure to surface soils PAHs in Urumqi were 2.02× 10−6 for children and 2.72×10−5 for adults. The results suggested that the current PAHs levels in soils from Urumqi were pervasive and moderately carcinogenic to children and adults. Keywords PAHs . Source identification . PMF model . Risk assessment . Soil
Introduction Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread persistent organic pollutants. They are byproducts of the incomplete combustion of organic materials, originating primarily from anthropogenic sources (Nam et al. 2003), that are responsible for PAHs distribution in the environment. Such anthropogenic sources include coal combustion, oil spills, vehicle exhaust, and industrial discharge (Wakeham et al. 1980). With the rapid industrialization and acceleration of anthropogenic activities in recent decades, increasing attention has been paid to soil contamination by PAHs because certain contaminants impose carcinogenic, mutagenic, and immunotoxic effects on human and ecosystem health (Cai et al. 2007). PAHs
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can be absorbed by soil particles and accumulate in soil, thereby causing potential food chains contami
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