Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mullus surmuletus from the Catania Gulf (Sicily, Italy): distribution and potential
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mullus surmuletus from the Catania Gulf (Sicily, Italy): distribution and potential health risks Rosaria Ornella Bua 1
&
Annalinda Contino 1 & Alessandro Giuffrida 1
Received: 29 June 2020 / Accepted: 28 September 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Different specimens of Mullus surmuletus from the Catania Gulf (Sicily) were sampled and analysed for the quantification of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in order to evaluate the distribution of these pollutants and the potential human health risks associated to the consumption of fish. The determined PAHs concentration values ranged from 0.25 to 6.10 ng/g wet weight and the most abundant PAHs detected were lower molecular weight (LMW) compounds with 2 to 3 rings. Relying on the PAHs concentration values, on the consumption data and on the total toxic equivalent (TEQ), the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was assessed and its calculated value (2.97 × 10−7) is far below the “maximum acceptable risk level” (ARL), suggesting a low potential carcinogenic risk on consuming M. surmuletus for local population. Even though the study shows a quite low contamination level in M. surmuletus, intensive monitoring programmes are still highly needed in order to provide a better picture of the PAHs distribution in Catania Gulf and of the human health risk linked to fish consumption. Keywords PAHs . GC-MS . Mullus surmuletus . Risk assessment . Sicily
Introduction Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely distributed environmental contaminants either from anthropogenic and natural sources whose origin can be petrogenic (Pampanin 2017) or pyrogenic (Balmer et al. 2019). Most of the combustion by-products present in smoke are PAHs (Khalili et al. 1995; Gustafson et al. 2008; Bignal et al. 2008), a class of compounds with toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic characteristics (Baird et al. 2005; Xue and Warshawsky 2005). Among PAHs, the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) has classified benzo(a)pyrene as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1); dibenzo(a,h)anthracene as a probable Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11052-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Rosaria Ornella Bua [email protected] 1
Dipartimento Di Scienze Chimiche, Università Degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
human carcinogenic (Group 2A); and naphthalene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene as possible human carcinogenics (Group 2B) (IARC 2010, 2014; Idowu et al. 2019; Savchenko et al. 2019). Several other PAHs, including acenaphthene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene and pyrene, were instead listed in Group 3-Unclassifiable as carcinogenic in humans. In the marine environment, PAHs are usually adsorbed on small solid particles suspended, as well as on sediments, and thus they may ente
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