Biocarriers for biofilm immobilization in wastewater treatments: a review
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REVIEW
Biocarriers for biofilm immobilization in wastewater treatments: a review Sajjad Al‑Amshawee1 · Mohd Yusri Bin Mohd Yunus1,2 · Dai‑Viet N. Vo3 · Ngoc Han Tran4 Received: 27 May 2020 / Accepted: 30 June 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Biofilm carriers, named ‘biocarriers’, are solids that allow the good attachment of microbes during wastewater treatment. Biocarriers also act as redox mediators to speed up the biotransformation of contaminants in industrial effluents, yet it is challenging to choose a biocarrier material that achieves strong biofilm adhesion and high degradation rates. Here we review insoluble polymeric biocarriers with focus on selecting a biocarrier, biofilm growth, metabolic pathways, applications, surface modification, and composites. According to the efficiency to decrease the chemical oxygen demand, conventional and modified composite biocarriers are rated as following: polyvinyl alcohol > polyurethane > polyethylene > polypropylene, and polyvinyl alcohol > waste tire > polyurethane > polyethylene, respectively. We also discuss biological and physical fouling. Keywords Wastewater treatment · Polymeric biofilm carrier · Packing material · Attached growth biofilm system · Biofilter fouling
Introduction Biocarrier (biofilm carrier) system has been presented to colonize microbes without biomass recycling to increase solid retention and reduce the required space area (Sajjad et al. 2018). Traditionally, biocarriers have a high specific surface area, durability, porosity, and roughness (Feng et al. 2012). Each piece of biocarriers serves as an active platform enhancing mass transfer and sustaining biofilm growth (Al-Amshawee et al. 2020a). It results in the formation of a sheltered and stable biofilm, defending microbes from an alteration in wastewater parameters such as influent characteristics and operating procedures. * Sajjad Al‑Amshawee [email protected] 1
Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Malaysia
2
Earth Resource and Sustainability Centre (ERAS), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Malaysia
3
Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Vietnam
4
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
The biocarriers could be manufactured from different materials. To date, various carriers have been presented for supporting microbial adhesion, including powdered and granular activated carbon carriers, plastic carriers, wood chips, ceramic carriers, non-woven carriers, and naturally occurring materials (Peng et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2018; Bouabidi et al. 2019). However, only a few are commercially applied in full-scale systems. In general, the most used carriers for biofilm attachment are made of plastic due to its low density and high mechanical resistance (see Fig. 1) (Dong et al. 2011). The dominating type is
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