Biodegradation and detoxification of the triphenylmethane dye coomassie brilliant blue by the extracellular enzymes from
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Biodegradation and detoxification of the triphenylmethane dye coomassie brilliant blue by the extracellular enzymes from mycelia of Lactarius deliciosus Jin Zhao1, Qing-Xi Wu (✉)1,2, Xiao-Du Cheng1, Ting Su1, Xiao-Hui Wang1, Wen-Na Zhang1,2, Yong-Ming Lu1,2, Yan Chen (✉)1,2
1 School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China 2 Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, China
© Higher Education Press 2020
Abstract Fungi play an important role in dying wastewater treatment. In this work, the mycelia of Lactarius deliciosus exhibited an excellent capacity in decolorizing coomassie brilliant blue (CBB). The results demonstrated that the mycelia could treat CBB with high concentrations over a broad range of pH and temperature. The decolorization rate of 99.19% and the removal rate of 16.31 mg$L‒1$h were realized. The mycelia could be recycled from decolorizing process for 19 times, indicating a good re-usability. It verified that the lignin peroxidase (121.65 U$L‒1) and manganese peroxidase (36.77 U$L‒1) were involved in the degradation and decolorization process of CBB. Toxicity assessments indicated the seed germination rate was up to 82.22% while inhibition to Escherichia coli decreased dramatically and no significant effect on Caenorhabditis elegans growth was found. The removal of CBB was a synergistic process accomplished by adsorption and biodegradation. The mycelia could be used for eco-friendly CBB treatment. Keywords fungus mycelia, biodegradation, extracellular enzymes, coomassie brilliant blue, Lactarius deliciosus
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Introduction
In recent years, with the booming industries of textile, printing and dying, more than 100000 kinds of commercial dyes have been explored for relevant purposes. However, about 10%‒15% of the dyes are discharged without proper treatment during production and usage [1], which has Received January 12, 2020; accepted April 22, 2020 E-mails: [email protected] (Wu Q-X), [email protected] (Chen Y)
caused huge pollution to the environment and has brought significant health risks [2‒4]. More than 700000 tonnes of dye wastewater is produced each year, which contains a variety of dyes (10‒200 mg$L‒1) and some other organic/ inorganic chemicals [5]. Textile dyes in wastewater have certain toxic effects on some plants’ germination while influencing their total biomass [6]. Therefore, it’s urgent to seek solutions for treating the dye wastewater. According to their chemical structures, synthetic dyes can be classified into azo dyes, triphenylmethane dyes, anthraquinone dyes, heterocyclic dyes, indigo dyes and aromatic methane dyes [7]. Among them, azo, anthraquinone and triphenylmethane dyes rank the top three in terms of industrial production [8‒10]. Triphenylmethane dyes are a type of aromatic chemical colorants, in which the central carbon atom is linked to three phenyl groups [11]. They have caused increasing environmental concerns due to their potential toxicity to animals and humans [12]. For example, direct contact of malachite green would
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