Biological applications of microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection: in vivo monitoring and cell analysis
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REVIEW
Biological applications of microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection: in vivo monitoring and cell analysis Kelci M. Schilly 1,2 & Shamal M. Gunawardhana 1,2 & Manjula B. Wijesinghe 1,2 & Susan M. Lunte 1,2,3 Received: 16 February 2020 / Revised: 29 March 2020 / Accepted: 6 April 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection (ME-EC) is a useful tool for the determination of redox active compounds in complex biological samples. In this review, a brief background on the principles of ME-EC is provided, including substrate types, electrode materials, and electrode configurations. Several different detection approaches are described, including dual-channel systems for dual-electrode detection and electrochemistry coupled with fluorescence and chemiluminescence. The application of ME-EC to the determination of catecholamines, adenosine and its metabolites, and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in microdialysis samples and cell lysates is also detailed. Lastly, approaches for coupling of ME-EC with microdialysis sampling to create separation-based sensors that can be used for near real-time monitoring of drug metabolism and neurotransmitters in freely roaming animals are provided. Keywords Electrophoresis . Electrochemical detection . Microdialysis . Nitric oxide . Neurotransmitters
Introduction Since capillary electrophoresis (CE) in its modern form was first introduced in 1981 by Jorgenson and Lukacs [1], it has been used to approach a variety of analytical problems in the bioanalytical [2, 3], pharmaceutical [4, 5], forensic [6, 7], and environmental fields [8, 9]. The first microchip electrophoresis (ME) system was reported by Manz et al. almost 30 years ago [10]. ME operates under the same principles as CE and has many of the same advantages, including low sample volume requirements, fast analysis times, and efficient separations. In addition, the use of micro- and nanofabrication methods to produce ME devices makes it possible to integrate sample preparation and detection steps directly on the chip, Published in the topical collection featuring Female Role Models in Analytical Chemistry. * Susan M. Lunte [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
2
Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
3
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2010 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
which lends itself to applications of portable and automated on-site analysis [11–13]. In the years since its introduction in the form of a glass microchip with fluorescence (FL) detection, a wide variety of materials and detection methods have been incorporated with ME [14–16]. An important consideration for transfer of a method from a conventional system to the microscale is the compatibility of the materials and detection equipment with miniaturization. Several detectio
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