Determination of Sulfonamides in Pharmaceuticals and Rabbit Plasma by Microchip Electrophoresis with LED-IF Detection
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ORIGINAL
Determination of Sulfonamides in Pharmaceuticals and Rabbit Plasma by Microchip Electrophoresis with LED-IF Detection Beibei Zhang • Zuanguang Chen • Yanyan Yu • Jianping Yang • Jianbin Pan
Received: 3 March 2013 / Revised: 21 April 2013 / Accepted: 29 April 2013 / Published online: 16 May 2013 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract In this paper, we describe a compact and lowcost light-emitting diode-induced fluorescence (LED-IF) detection coupled to microchip electrophoresis for the determination of sulfonamides in pharmaceutical formulations and rabbit plasma. Three fluorescein isothiocyanatelabeled sulfonamides in rabbit plasma were separated in the running buffer of 40 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) at the separation voltage of 2.0 kV, and detected by LED-IF detector in which the high-power blue LED was driven at the constant current of 150 mA and the emitted fluorescence over 510 nm was collected by a planar photodiode. The linear concentration ranged from 2.0 to 125.0 lg mL-1, both for sulfadiazine and sulfamethazine with the correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.995 and 0.997, respectively, and from 2.0 to 100.0 lg mL-1 with the correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.997 for sulfaguanidine. The limits of detection for the three sulfonamides were 0.36–0.50 lg mL-1 (S/N = 3). Intra-day and inter-day precision of migration time and peak area for the determination of sulfonamides were \4.5 %. This method has been successfully applied to the analysis of sulfonamides in pharmaceuticals, and could be used to study the pharmacokinetics of sulfonamides in rabbit. Keywords Microchip electrophoresis Light-emitting diode Fluorescence detection Sulfonamides
B. Zhang Z. Chen (&) Y. Yu J. Yang J. Pan School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road of Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction Sulfonamides with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity have been widely used in medicine and veterinary practice for decades. Intensive use of these drugs as antibiotics and growth promoters for animals may lead to unwanted residues of sulfonamides in edible animal products, which promote allergy, antibiotic resistance and carcinogenesis in humans [1]. For these reasons, most research on the quantification of sulfonamides has been concentrated on the analysis of residues in edible animal tissues. However, there have been few reports on the determination of sulfonamides in plasma. The main risk to human health of sulfonamides treatment is the serious side effects, such as anaphylactic reactions, blood dyscrasias, hemolytic anemia and icterus, and, particularly for some patients with a deficiency in metabolic reactions or high dosage regimen, the risk of side effects has become greater [2]. Hence, monitoring the plasma levels of sulfonamides and the quantity control for sulfonamides in commercial pharmaceutical preparations are imperative. In addition, the analysis of sulfonamides in animal blo
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