Blood lead and cadmium levels in occupationally exposed workers and their effect on markers of DNA damage and repair
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Blood lead and cadmium levels in occupationally exposed workers and their effect on markers of DNA damage and repair Preeti Singh . Prasenjit Mitra . Taru Goyal . Shailja Sharma . Praveen Sharma
Received: 25 January 2020 / Accepted: 10 August 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Occupational exposure to heavy metals like lead and cadmium causes a wide range of biological effects and may elevate the risk of genetic damage. Heavy metal toxicity is now becoming a significant public health problem. There are many discrepancies in the results of the studies on the genotoxicity of heavy metals. Therefore, the study aimed to estimate lead, cadmium, and 8-OHdG levels (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine) and expression of DNA repair gene OGG1 (8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1) in occupationally heavy metal exposed workers. The study comprised 100 workers, occupationally exposed to lead and cadmium from different factories and 100 controls without history of metal exposure. The lead and cadmium mean ± SD were 5.69 ± 12.07 lg/dL and 3.44 ± 1.33 lg/L in the cases and 1.27 ± 1.10 lg/dL and 1.07 ± 0.67 lg/L in the controls. The 8-OHdG concentration was significantly higher in the cases than the controls. Cadmium showed a significant positive correlation with 8-OHdG in the cases. The expression of OGG1 was significantly down-regulated in the cases
Preeti Singh and Prasenjit Mitra Co-first authors; Both the authors have equally contributed to the work. P. Singh P. Mitra T. Goyal S. Sharma P. Sharma (&) Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India e-mail: [email protected]
compared to the controls. Lead levels did not show any significant correlation with OGG1, whereas cadmium level had a significant positive correlation with OGG1 in the cases. To conclude, the exposure to heavy metals is associated with increased oxidative DNA damage and impaired expression of the DNA repair gene, OGG1. Keywords Lead Cadmium 8-OHdG OGG1 DNA damage
Introduction Lead and cadmium are known toxic elements and are ubiquitous in the environment. However, due to their non-biodegradable nature and widespread use in several industries, they have become a major pollutant. The major sources of heavy metal exposure are natural and anthropogenic activities, including inadequate waste disposal, refining, and a constant increase in industrialization (Parmar and Thakur 2013). Hence, due to their prevalence in the atmosphere, individuals are at higher risk of getting continuously exposed to them, especially in occupational settings. Even at low concentrations, they can exert harmful effects on different body systems, including the nervous system, reproductive system, cardiovascular system, and vital organs like kidney,
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Environ Geochem Health
lungs, liver, and brain. (Qiao et al. 2010; Mitra et al. 2017). Lead is classified as a carcinogen, as per the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR 2005). Occupatio
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