Calcium signatures and signal transduction schemes during microbe interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Calcium signatures and signal transduction schemes during microbe interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana Nidhi Singh1 • Girdhar K. Pandey1 Received: 2 April 2020 / Accepted: 7 September 2020 Ó Society for Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2020
Abstract Calcium (Ca2?) is considered as crucial second messenger in all living organisms. Ca2? signaling regulates a diverse array of different biological processes such as growth, physiology and sensing and stress responses. As a second messenger, Ca2? links the perceived microbial signals to the final structuring of defense and symbiotic associations in plants. Increase in cytosolic calcium [Ca2?]cyt is an ubiquitous event of most of the stress induced signal transduction pathway. [Ca2?]cyt elevation depends upon the type and intensity of stress perceived by the plant. While most of the published research articles focused on the recognition of microbes through pattern recognition receptors. This recognition of microbes is reflected in terms of Ca2? signature oscillations, which are recognized by Ca2? decoders named as Ca2? binding proteins. Ultimately, the Ca2? signature is decoded via transcriptional and translational reprogramming to provide defense or symbiotic responses depending upon the type of association between plant and microbes. Majorly, the purpose of this review is to provide an overview on recent findings about Ca2? signaling during immunity and symbiosis in Arabidopsis. Keywords Calcium (Ca2?) Ca2? signature Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) Calmodulin (CaM) and calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) Ca2?-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) Calcineurin B-Like proteins (CBLs) Abbreviations ROS Reactive oxygen species FLS2 Flagellin sensing 2 CERK1 Chitin Elicitor Receptor Kinase 1 BIK1 Botrytis Induced Kinase 1 BAK1 BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1associated receptor kinase 1 ICS1 Isochorismate Synthase 1 EDS1 Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 RBOHD Respiratory burst oxidase protein D
& Girdhar K. Pandey [email protected] 1
Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India
Introduction Plants are commonly encountered with numerous environmental challenges which could be either biotic such as bacteria, fungus, viruses and insects or abiotic like salinity, drought, osmotic and temperature stress etc. Microorganisms release specific molecules like flagellin, chitin, glycoproteins, lipids, carbohydrate etc. which is recognized by their host via recognition receptors to elicit basal defense (Newman et al. 2013; Sanabria et al. 2010). During earliest signaling event in plant immune responses, reactive oxygen species and Ca2? are the initial key players (Ma et al. 2009). In 1990s, it has been first reported that Pseudomonas inoculation leads to change in Ca2? signaling events during pathogenesis (Atkinson et al. 1990). Ca2? is considered as indispensable and pivotal second messenger in various plant signaling cascades. As a
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