Stress Response Signal Transduction
Trauma evokes a common response in all organ systems that includes early energy depletion followed by dysfunction of ionic gradients and triggering of stress response mechanisms with outcomes ranging from recovery of function to delayed cell death and fur
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Abel Lajtha(Ed.)
Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology Development and Aging Changes in the Nervous System Volume Editors: J. Regino Perez-Polo and Steffen Rossner
With 48 Figures and 12 Tables
Editor Abel Lajtha Director Center for Neurochemistry Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research 140 Old Orangeburg Road Orangeburg New York, 10962 USA Volume Editors J. Regino Perez‐Polo I. H. Kempner Professor and Chair Dept. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Senior Scientist Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine Staff Scientist Shriner’s Hospital for Children Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of Texas Medical Branch 301 University Blvd. Galveston TX, 77555 USA [email protected]
Steffen Rossner Universita¨t Leipzig Medizinische Fakulta¨t Paul‐Flechsig‐Institut fu¨r Hirnforschung Jahnallee 59 04109 Leipzig Germany [email protected]
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006922553 ISBN: 978‐0‐387‐32670‐2 Additionally, the whole set will be available upon completion under ISBN: 978‐0‐387‐35443‐9 The electronic version of the whole set will be available under ISBN: 978‐0‐387‐30426‐7 The print and electronic bundle of the whole set will be available under ISBN: 978‐0‐387‐35478‐1 ß 2008 Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. springer.com Printed on acid‐free paper
SPIN: 11417675
2109 ‐ 5 4 3 2 1 0
Preface
Animals share the challenge of maintaining an internal environment that is restricted to fairly low ranges of temperature, pH, and water content within a well-protected envelope while engaged in continuous exchanges with the environment in terms of gases, liquids, energy, even as movement of body parts and the entire organism itself is necessary for survival. This dynamic spectrum of changes is further amplified during developmental events or more acutely during responses to pernicious environmental factors in due to trauma and disease. In addition, persistent incidents associated with aging can result in irreversible changes to the allostasis that characterizes the living condition. In the nervous system, a very high metabolic turnover, fragile but steep ionic gradients, and morphological and structural constraints dictated by the necessity for prompt neuronal transmission of electrical impulses and necessary plasticity result i
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