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rtment of Otolaryngology and Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518035, China 2 Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China 3 SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China 4 Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China © Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020 Received: 24 June 2020 / Revised: 5 August 2020 / Accepted: 12 August 2020

ABSTRACT Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like properties that have attracted significant interest owing to their capability to address the limitations of traditional enzymes such as fragility, high cost, and impossible mass production. Over the past decade, a broad variety of nanomaterials have been found to mimic the enzyme-like activity by engineering the active centers of natural enzymes or developing multivalent elements within nanostructures. Carbon nanomaterials with well-defined electronic and geometric structures have served as favorable surrogates of traditional enzymes by mimicking the highly evolved catalytic center of natural enzymes. In particular, by combining the unique electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties, carbon nanomaterials-based nanozymes can offer a variety of multifunctional platforms for biomedical applications. In this review, we will introduce the enzymatic characteristics and recent advances of carbon nanozymes, and summarize their significant applications in biomedicine.

KEYWORDS nanozymes, carbon nanomaterials, carbon nanozymes, enzyme-like activity

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Introduction

Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like properties that have attracted significant interest owing to their high stability, easy preparation, and tunable catalytic properties. Since the intrinsic peroxidase activity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) was first reported in 2007 [1], a revolution has occurred in the design of nanozyme systems along with the rapid development and ever-deepening understanding of nanoscience and nanotechnology. In particular, with the emergence of the new concept of “nanozymology”, nanozymes have been developed as an interdisciplinary research field bridging nanotechnology and biology [2–6]. By combining the unique physicochemical properties and enzyme-like catalytic activities, nanozymes make a very promising application prospect, especially in the field of biomedicine [7–10]. In this review, we focus on the carbon nanomaterial-based nanozymes including carbon dots, graphene, graphene quantum dots, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanospheres [11–14]. Carbon-based nanomaterials have been widely developed to mimic the