Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Scaffold, Cell, and Growth Factor-Based Strategies
The avascular, alymphatic, and aneural character of articular cartilage along with the reduced availability of chondrocytes/progenitors, its complex structure, and mechanics pose a major challenge for cartilage regeneration. State-of-the-art therapies for
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Aditya Arora, Arijit Bhattacharjee, Aman Mahajan, and Dhirendra S. Katti
Abstract
The avascular, alymphatic, and aneural character of articular cartilage along with the reduced availability of chondrocytes/progenitors, its complex structure, and mechanics pose a major challenge for cartilage regeneration. State-of-the-art therapies for cartilage injuries can at best halt cartilage deterioration and are most often inadequate for promoting regeneration. The emerging field of tissue engineering has contributed significantly in regeneration of complex tissues including cartilage. The tissue engineering triads of scaffolds, cells, and growth factors have been investigated both independently and in combination for cartilage regeneration. This article focuses on the current developments revolving around these three components for the development of cartilage regenerative therapies. More specifically, we discuss about the influence of scaffold type, architecture, chemical/biochemical composition, and mechanical properties on chondrogenesis. Thereafter, different cell sources and types of growth factors that have been used for engineering cartilage tissue have been reviewed. Finally, the last section deals with various biomaterial-based approaches for controlled release of growth factors for cartilage tissue engineering. Keywords
Cartilage regeneration • Hydrogels • Mesenchymal stem cells • Growth factor delivery and chondrogenesis
Arijit Bhattacharjee and Aman Mahajan contributed equally to this work. A. Arora • A. Bhattacharjee • A. Mahajan • D.S. Katti, Ph.D. (*) Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 A. Mukhopadhyay (ed.), Regenerative Medicine: Laboratory to Clinic, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3701-6_14
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Abbreviations ADSC Adipose-derived stem cell BMP Bone morphogenetic protein ECM Extracellular matrix EDC 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide EGF Epidermal growth factor ESC Embryonic stem cell FGF Fibroblast growth factor GAG Glycosaminoglycan HA Hydroxyapatite hMSC Human mesenchymal stem cell HRP Horse radish peroxidase IGF Insulin-like growth factor iPSC Induced pluripotent stem cell LCST Lower critical solution temperature MMP Matrix metalloproteinase NHS N-Hydroxysuccinimide PCL Polycaprolactone PDGF Platelet-derived growth factor pDNA Plasmid DNA PEG Polyethylene glycol PLGA Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) PRP Platelet-rich plasma PVA Polyvinyl alcohol RGD Arginine-glycine-aspartate sGAG Sulfated glycosaminoglycan TGF Transforming growth factor UV Ultra Violet VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor YAP Yes-associated protein
14.1 Introduction Articular cartilage is a dense connective tissue that lines bony surfaces of diarthrodial joints. Its specialized structure not only provides a smooth and lubricated surface for friction less articulation of the bones but also helps in the effective transmission of loads. Healthy articular car
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