Microfabrication of a biomimetic arcade-like electrospun scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering applications
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TISSUE ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTS AND CELL SUBSTRATES Original Research
Microfabrication of a biomimetic arcade-like electrospun scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering applications André F. Girão1 Ângela Semitela1 Andreia Leal Pereira1 António Completo1 Paula A. A. P. Marques ●
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Received: 17 April 2020 / Accepted: 12 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In recent years, the engineering of biomimetic cellular microenvironments has emerged as a top priority for regenerative medicine, being the in vitro recreation of the arcade-like cartilaginous tissue one of the most critical challenges due to the notorious absence of cost- and time-efficient microfabrication techniques capable of building 3D fibrous scaffolds with precise anisotropic properties. Taking this into account, we suggest a feasible and accurate methodology that uses a sequential adaptation of an electrospinning-electrospraying set up to construct a hierarchical system comprising both polycaprolactone (PCL) fibres and polyethylene glycol sacrificial microparticles. After porogen leaching, the bi-layered PCL scaffold was capable of presenting not only a depth-dependent fibre orientation similar to natural cartilage, but also mechanical features and porosity proficient to encourage an enhanced cell response. In fact, cell viability studies confirmed the biocompatibility of the scaffold and its ability to guarantee suitable cell adhesion, proliferation and migration throughout the 3D anisotropic fibrous network during 21 days of culture. Additionally, likewise the hierarchical relationship between chondrocytes and their extracellular matrix, the reported PCL scaffold was able to induce depth-dependent cell-material interactions responsible for promoting a spatial modulation of the morphology, alignment and density of the cells in vitro. Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction One key design criteria of the next generation tissue engineering (TE) scaffolds is the accurate recreation in vitro of the extracellular matrices (ECMs) 3D hierarchical complexities, including the mimicking of the architectures,
* Paula A. A. P. Marques [email protected] 1
TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
biochemical gradients and mechanical properties of the native tissues [1, 2]. This purpose is particularly evident in cartilage TE applications due to the challenges associated with the engineering of an arcade-like arrangement similar to the cartilaginous collagen network, where the orientation of the fibrils progress from perpendicular relatively to the subchondral bone surface in the deepest region—the pillars of the arcades—, to random in the middle zone, to parallel in the superficial zone—the arches of the structure [3, 4]. The successful replication of these depth-dependent topographic cues is mandatory to modulate an enhanced cell response since the chondrocytes are capable of adapting their morphology and biochemical expression patterns a
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