Biological perspectives and current biofabrication strategies in osteochondral tissue engineering
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Biological perspectives and current biofabrication strategies in osteochondral tissue engineering Cian Vyas1 · Hussein Mishbak1,2 · Glen Cooper1 · Chris Peach1,3 · Ruben F. Pereira4,5 · Paulo Bartolo1 Received: 26 September 2019 / Accepted: 29 June 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone are crucial in human movement and when damaged through disease or trauma impacts severely on quality of life. Cartilage has a limited regenerative capacity due to its avascular composition and current therapeutic interventions have limited efficacy. With a rapidly ageing population globally, the numbers of patients requiring therapy for osteochondral disorders is rising, leading to increasing pressures on healthcare systems. Research into novel therapies using tissue engineering has become a priority. However, rational design of biomimetic and clinically effective tissue constructs requires basic understanding of osteochondral biological composition, structure, and mechanical properties. Furthermore, consideration of material design, scaffold architecture, and biofabrication strategies, is needed to assist in the development of tissue engineering therapies enabling successful translation into the clinical arena. This review provides a starting point for any researcher investigating tissue engineering for osteochondral applications. An overview of biological properties of osteochondral tissue, current clinical practices, the role of tissue engineering and biofabrication, and key challenges associated with new treatments is provided. Developing precisely engineered tissue constructs with mechanical and phenotypic stability is the goal. Future work should focus on multi-stimulatory environments, long-term studies to determine phenotypic alterations and tissue formation, and the development of novel bioreactor systems that can more accurately resemble the in vivo environment. Keywords Articular cartilage · Osteochondral tissue · Tissue engineering · Biofabrication · Bioprinting · 3D printing · Regenerative medicine
Introduction Osteochondral tissue is composed of articular cartilage, a specialised tissue that covers the distal ends of the bones in articulating joints, and the subchondral bone which anchors the cartilage to the underlying bone [1–5]. Articular cartilage
* Cian Vyas [email protected] 1
Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
2
School of Engineering, University of Thi-Qar, Thi‑Qar, Iraq
3
Consultant Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgeon, Manchester University Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
4
i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
5
INEB – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
has a highly flexible and lubricated surface to reduce frictional forces during movement and facilitate smooth articulation. The tissue enables the transmission of mechanical loads from movement
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