Characterization of hazardous gases evolved from various biomass wastes during biochar production using TGA-MS
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Characterization of hazardous gases evolved from various biomass wastes during biochar production using TGA‑MS Z. Kwoczynski1 · J. Čmelík2 Received: 31 January 2020 / Revised: 2 November 2020 / Accepted: 9 November 2020 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2020
Abstract The utilization of biomass waste by biochar production seems to be an efficient and environmental friendly way of biomass treating. Biochar is produced from biomass by low temperature pyrolysis (torrefaction). In this work, twelve different biomass wastes generated in the Czech Republic has been characterized by thermogravimetric analysis combined with mass spectrometry (TGA-MS). Most of all published works are focused on TGA-MS analysis of evolved hydrocarbon gases or on analysis of condensed liquids. This work is converting focus mainly on inorganic gases produced during pyrolysis, which can be toxic, explosive or corrosive. There is a few or none published works focused on sulfur or chlorine compounds in evolved gas. Some compounds that could be potentially produced with biomass compositions were not detected at all (e.g. H2S). Furthermore, it has been found that temperatures higher than those commonly used in torrefaction (i.e., 400 °C) are needed to produce compounds like H 2. From the obtained results it can be also seen that C O2, NH3, NO2, SOx, Cl2 and HCl are mainly produced and their concentration reaches maximum just at this temperature. It has been proved that biomass, which contains sulfur and chlorine, releases SOx and HCl during torrefaction. Sulfur oxides, ammonia and chlorine compounds are strongly corrosive. The real conditions of pyrolysis on industrial scale can thus be adjusted according to the TGA-MS data. These data can be also used for the selection of a biomass, most suitable for pyrolysis, where almost no gases are generated with corrosive effect on the pyrolyser. Keywords Biomass waste · Biochar · Torrefaction · Thermogravimetric analysis with mass spectrometry (TGA-MS)
Introduction The utilization of biomass wastes by biochar production seems to be an efficient and environmental friendly way of biomass treating and it has been a highly discussed topic nowadays. Until recently, biomass waste was mainly combusted or composted. Combustion of biomass is accompanied by the production of fly ash and increasing of CO2 emissions, which should be globally reduced. Torrefaction (low temperature pyrolysis) is a novel process of treating Editorial responsibility: Josef Trögl. * Z. Kwoczynski [email protected] 1
Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University, Králova výšina 3132/7, 40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
Unipetrol Centre for Research and Education, Revoluční 84, 400 01 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
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the biomass wastes. It has been reported in application on various agro residua, as corn (Khadem and Raiesi 2017; Zhao et al. 2018; Yang et al. 2018), rice (Zhang et al. 2018a, b; Dunnigan et al. 2018) or bamboo (Wang et al. 2018b, c; Gong et al. 2018; Viglašová et
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