Chemical profile, mosquitocidal, and biochemical effects of essential oil and major components of Dysphania ambrosioides
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Chemical profile, mosquitocidal, and biochemical effects of essential oil and major components of Dysphania ambrosioides against Culex quinquefasciatus Say Abdulrhman A. Almadiy 1 Received: 10 April 2020 / Accepted: 14 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract To seek new mosquito control agents while avoiding the environmental impacts and toxicity hazards of conventional pesticides, the essential oil of Dysphania ambrosioides was obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed using GC–FID and GC–MS. The compounds 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-2,3-dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene (cis-ascaridole), 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl) benzene (р-cymene), and 1-isopropyl-4-methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene (p-mentha-1,3-diene also known as α-terpinene) were identified as the major components. The EO and the major fractions showed remarkable mosquitocidal activity against third instar larvae and adults of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. The oil and fractions were assayed at 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 μl/l. Mortality was timeand dose-dependent. At 24 h post-exposure at an assayed concentration of 50 μl/l, the larval and adult mortalities ranged between 80.11–100% and 91.22–100%, respectively. Strong larvicidal and adulticidal activities were recorded in the cases of the crude oil and cis-ascaridole. The LC50 values after 24 h of treatment ranged between 6.2–20.1 μl/l and 5.1–13.9 μl/l against larvae and adults, respectively. The corrected percentage mortalities increased over time with the tested plant oil and the major fractions relative to the control. The time required to achieve 50% mortality (LT50) decreased remarkably with all treatments. The tested EO and major fractions effectively inhibited larval acetylcholinesterase activity with IC50 values ranging from 8.44 to 64.80 mM compared with 2.08 × 10−3 mM for the reference standard, methomy. The results indicate the potential of developing natural mosquitocides against C. quinquefasciatus based on the tested EO and its major fractions. Keywords Essential oil . Dysphania ambrosioides . Mosquitocidal activity . Culex quinquefasciatus
Introduction Mosquitoes represent a great public health concern for mankind, serving as vectors for a wide variety of serious pathogens and parasites to humans, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya (Hung et al. 2020). These pathogens cause extensive morbidity and mortality and are a major economic burden worldwide. Culicidae, the largest mosquito family among dipteran mosquitoes, comprises approximately 3300 species in 41 genera and includes the major transmitters of
Responsible editor: Giovanni Benelli * Abdulrhman A. Almadiy [email protected] 1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia
these blood pathogens (Berti et al. 2015). Culex quinquefasciatus is the common Culicidae vector of lymphatic filariasis, and approximately 1.4 billion people in more than 70 countries are threatened by l
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