Chemotype variations among lichen ecotypes of Umbilicaria aprina as revealed by LC-ESI-MS/MS: a survey of antioxidant ph
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Chemotype variations among lichen ecotypes of Umbilicaria aprina as revealed by LC-ESI-MS/MS: a survey of antioxidant phenolics Hooman Norouzi 1 & Ali Azizi 1
&
Mansour Gholami 1 & Mohammad Sohrabi 2 & Joel Boustie 3
Received: 17 April 2020 / Accepted: 7 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In the present study, we characterized the phytochemical properties, which were specifically associated with phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities in six distinct ecotypes of Umbilicaria aprina Nyl. from Iran (including Kivarestan, Mishan, Takht-e Nader, Tochal, Sabalan, and Sahand) to detect diversities within the species. Total phenolic concentration (TPC) and radical scavenging capacities of U. aprina ecotypes were evaluated. Moreover, qualitative differences between chemical profiles were surveyed using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Relatively moderate TPCs (Kivarestan = 36.12 ± 2.1, Mishan = 41.59 ± 2.2, Takht-e Nader = 31.85 ± 1.3, Tochal = 37.55 ± 2.3, Sabalan = 28.91 ± 2.5, and Sahand = 31.59 ± 2.2) were observed for ecotypes, but a very strong correlation (r = −0/842) was obtained between TPCs and IC50 values. Based on the results of LC-ESI-MS/MS, the following chemical substances were identified: orsellinic acid (1), lecanoric acid (2), evernic acid (3), gyrophoric acid (4), umbilicaric acid (5), hiascic acid (6), stictic acid (7) methyl hiascic acid (8), and an unknown substance (9). The MS/MS fragmentation scheme for each substance was determined and proposed. Wide discrepancies were observed in the chemical profiles of lichen ecotypes, which may corroborate the influence of ecological locality conditions, for example, altitude and slope aspects on secondary metabolism of lichen species U. aprina. The northfacing and east-facing ecotypes (Sabalan and Mishan, respectively) lacked depsidones (stictic acid) mainly because they receive the least direct radiation. Mishan ecotype, as the only east-facing ecotype, showed the most different chemical profile. Keywords Umbilicaria aprina . Umbilicariaceae . Phytochemical profile . Phenolic . LC-ESI-MS/MS . Depsides . Ecological factors . Slope aspect
Introduction Lichen, as a form of mutualistic symbiosis life between algae/ cyanobacteria (as photobiont/cyanobiont) and fungi (as Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10053-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ali Azizi [email protected] 1
Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
2
Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
3
Institute of Chemistry of Rennes, ISCR, UMR CNRS 6226, University of Rennes 1, 2 Av. du Pr. Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
mycobiont), is one of the medicinally interesting organisms that has attracted muc
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