Choricystis and Lewiniosphaera gen. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae Chlorophyta), two different green algal endosymbionts in fres
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Choricystis and Lewiniosphaera gen. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae Chlorophyta), two different green algal endosymbionts in freshwater sponges Thomas Pröschold 1
&
Tatyana Darienko 2
Received: 4 May 2020 / Accepted: 27 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020 Abstract
Associations of freshwater sponges with coccoid green algae have been known for a long time. Two types of coccoid green algae, which are commonly assigned as zoochlorellae, are recognized by morphology: small coccoids (< 3 μm) without pyrenoids and larger Chlorella-like algae (4–6 μm) with pyrenoids. Despite their wide distribution in some freshwater sponges, these green algae were never studied using a combined analysis of morphology and molecular phylogeny. We investigated several endosymbiotic strains isolated from different Spongilla species, which were available in culture collections. Phylogenetic analyses of SSU and ITS rDNA sequences revealed that the strain SAG 211-40a is a member of the Chlorellaceae and represents a new species of the newly erected genus Lewiniosphaera, L symbiontica. The phylogenetic position was confirmed by morphology and ITS-2 barcode. The endosymbionts without pyrenoid were identified as Choricystis parasitica by morphology and phylogenetic analyses. The comparison with free-living strains revealed the recognition of two new Choricystis species, C. krienitzii and C. limnetica, which were confirmed by molecular signatures in V9 region of SSU rDNA and ITS-2 barcode. Keywords Choricystis . Lewiniosphaera . Freshwater sponges . Endosymbiosis
1 Introduction Marine and freshwater sponges (Porifera) commonly contain photosynthetic endosymbionts. Connected with the fact that the endosymbionts need light for photosynthesis, they are only located in animals with colorless tissues or in organs and organelles exposed to sunlight. Most of marine sponges possess endosymbiotic cyanobacteria (coccoid or filamentous; Wilkinson 1992). Eukaryotic algae are less distributed in marine sponges. So far known the following eukaryotes have been recorded: Symbiodinium (Sara & Liaci 1964), Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-020-00711-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Thomas Pröschold [email protected] 1
Research Department for Limnology, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Mondseestr. 9, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria
2
Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
cryptomonads (Wilkinson 1992), diatoms (Cox & Larkum 1983), coccoid red algae (Lemloh et al. 2009) and eustigmatophytes (Frost et al. 1997). In contrast, mostly coccoid green algae are known to live in symbiosis with freshwater sponges. Brandt (1882) was the first who recognized symbiotic associations between freshwater sponges and coccoid green algae. According to Manconi & Pronzato (2008), 219 species of freshwater sponges belonging to 45 ge
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