Chronological changes in inflammatory cytokines immunoreactivities in the mouse hippocampus after systemic administratio
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Chronological changes in inflammatory cytokines immunoreactivities in the mouse hippocampus after systemic administration of high dosage of tetanus toxin Bing Chun Yan • Joon Ha Park • In Hye Kim • Bich Na Shin • Ji Hyeon Ahn • Ki-Yeon Yoo • Deuk-Sik Lee • Myong Jo Kim • Il-Jun Kang • Moo-Ho Won
Received: 13 March 2012 / Accepted: 1 September 2012 / Published online: 19 September 2012 Ó Springer-Verlag 2012
Abstract Tetanus toxin (TeT) is an exotoxin and has a capacity for neuronal binding and internalization. In the present study, we compared changes in the immunoreactivities and protein levels of interleukin (IL-) 2 as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and IL-4 as an anti-inflammatory cytokine in the hippocampus proper (HP) and dentate gyrus (DG) after systemic treatment of 10 or 100 ng/kg TeT into mice. In this study, we could not find any neuronal damage or loss in any subregions of the hippocampus after TeT treatment. In the control groups, strong IL-2 immunoreactivity was shown in the stratum pyramidal (SP) of the HP and in the granule cell layer (GCL) of the DG. At 6 h post-treatment, IL-2 immunoreactivity was hardly detected in the SP and GCL; however, strong IL-2 immunoreactivity was shown in the stratum oriens of the HP in both the groups. Thereafter, intermediate IL-2 immunoreaBing Chun Yan and Joon Ha Park are contributed equally to this article. B. C. Yan J. H. Park I. H. Kim B. N. Shin M.-H. Won (&) Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea e-mail: [email protected] J. H. Ahn Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Rehabilitation Science, Daegu University, Gyenongsan 712-714, South Korea K.-Y. Yoo Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, South Korea
ctivity was shown in the SP and GCL. On the other hand, intermediate IL-4 immunoreactivity was detected in the SP and GCL of the control groups. At 6 h post-treatment, IL-4 immunoreactivity in the SP and GCL was apparently increased. Thereafter, IL-4 immunoreactivity was lower than that at 6 h post-treatment. In brief, IL-2 and 4 immunoreactivities were easily detected in SP and GCL in the controls and dramatically decreased and increased at 6 h post-treatment, respectively. Keywords Exotoxin Neuronal damage Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines Pyramidal cells Granule cells Introduction The hippocampus in the mammalian brain is involved in cognitive processes such as learning and memory, and it is a vulnerable area to brain damage (Uchida et al. 2010; Huang D.-S. Lee Division of Hotel Culinary & Food Service, Hanzhong University, Donghae 240-713, South Korea M. J. Kim Oriental Bio-herb Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea I.-J. Kang (&) Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, South Korea e-mail: [email protected]
D.-S. Lee Well-being LS Co. Ltd.,
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