Circulating exosomal MicroRNAs: New non-invasive biomarkers of non-communicable disease
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MINI REVIEW ARTICLE
Circulating exosomal MicroRNAs: New non-invasive biomarkers of non-communicable disease Jorge Armando Jiménez‑Avalos1 · Juan Carlos Fernández‑Macías2 · Ana Karen González‑Palomo2,3 Received: 13 July 2020 / Accepted: 30 November 2020 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Exosomes are vesicles, ranging of 30–150 nm in diameter, which are released by different cell types into the extracellular space. Exosomes are capable of transporting several biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, DNA, mRNA, and non-coding RNA, including microRNAs (miRs). miRs signatures have been linked to the development of non-communicable diseases and their classification into various subtypes and/or stages. Interestingly, the miRs contained in exosomes (exomiRs) are suitable candidates as non-invasive biomarkers due to their stability in body fluids and harsh conditions, as well as they are considered critical players involved in intercellular communication; so that they can be a promising diagnostic tool for several diseases. Besides, exomiRs allow discrimination between different stages of the disease and could be a valuable strategy for the early detection of several pathologies in a non-invasive approach. This review aims to describe exomiRs present in biologic fluids that can be used as a tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of non-communicable diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular, kidney, and neurodegenerative disease. Keywords Exosome · microRNAs · Biomarkers · Non-communicable disease
Introduction Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles (EV) ranging from 30 to 150 nm in size, which are released by the majority of human cells into the extracellular milieu, under both normal and pathophysiological conditions, thus mediating the intercellular communication [1, 2]. These type of EV have an endocytic origin, and are produced by complex membrane-trafficking processes that, firstly, compromise a double invagination of the plasma membrane, followed by the inward budding of endosomal membrane; generating intraluminal vesicles that subsequently are released to the extracellular environment by fusion to the plasma membrane * Ana Karen González‑Palomo [email protected] 1
Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigacón y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
2
Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
3
Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
and exocytosis [2]. Exosomes are found in most body fluids and are capable of transporting a highly heterogeneous content of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, DNA, mRNA, and non-coding RNA; varying their cargo depending on the type of donor cell, the physiological and pathological state, and the stimuli that originated the production and release of exosome
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