Clostridium difficile Methods and Protocols
Clostridium difficile, a major nosocomial pathogen shown to be a primary cause of antibiotic-associated disease, has emerged as a highly transmissible and frequently antibiotic-resistant organism, causing a considerable burden on health care systems world
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MO L E C U L A R BI O L O G Y
Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/7651
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Clostridium difficile Methods and Protocols
Edited by
Peter Mullany and Adam P. Roberts UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
Editors Peter Mullany Eastman Dental Institute Division of Microbial Diseases University College, London 256 Gray’s Inn Road London United Kingdom WC1X 8LD [email protected]
Adam P. Roberts Eastman Dental Institute Division of Microbial Diseases University College, London 256 Gray’s Inn Road London United Kingdom WC1X 8LD [email protected]
ISSN 1064-3745 e-ISSN 1940-6029 ISBN 978-1-60327-364-0 e-ISBN 978-1-60327-365-7 DOI 10.1007/978-1-60327-365-7 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010923237 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Humana Press, c/o Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Cover illustration: C.difficile makes intimate contact through numerous flagella with microvilli on the mucosal lining of hamster cecum following a 48 hour oral infection with spores. We compare this 630 fully sequenced strain (originating from a patient with pseudomembranous colitis) with that of B1 (isolated from a patient with diarrhea) to reveal differences in behaviour during infection of the host. Scanning electron micrograph: bacterium length 4.5μm. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface Clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen and has been shown to be a primary cause of antibiotic-associated disease. Recently, there has been an emergence of highly transmissible and frequently antibiotic-resistant strains, and the organism has become a considerable burden on health-care systems worldwide. At the same time, there has been a dramatic increase in our ability to study the organism. This book brings together the key workers in C. difficile research to describe the recently developed methods for studying the organism. These range from methods for isolation of the organism, molecular typing, genomics, genetic manipulation, and the use of animal models. We are now therefore in a position to gain an in-depth understanding of how this organ
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