Multiple Stressors in Aquatic Ecosystems: Sublethal Effects of Temperature, Dissolved Organic Matter, Light and a Neonic
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Multiple Stressors in Aquatic Ecosystems: Sublethal Effects of Temperature, Dissolved Organic Matter, Light and a Neonicotinoid Insecticide on Gammarids Mirco Bundschuh1,3 · Jochen P. Zubrod1,2 · Lara L. Petschick1 · Ralf Schulz1,2 Received: 2 May 2020 / Accepted: 23 June 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Whether and to which extent the effects of chemicals in the environment interact with other factors remains a scientific challenge. Here we assess the combined effects of temperature (16 vs. 20°C), light conditions (darkness vs. 400 lx), dissolved organic matter (DOM; 0 vs. 6 mg/L) and the model insecticide thiacloprid (0 vs. 3 µg/L) in a full-factorial experiment on molting and leaf consumption of Gammarus fossarum. Thiacloprid was the only factor significantly affecting gammarids’ molting. While DOM had low effects on leaf consumption, temperature, light and thiacloprid significantly affected this response variable. The various interactions among these factors were not significant suggesting additivity. Only the interaction of the factors temperature and thiacloprid suggested a tendency for antagonism. As most stressors interacted additively, their joint effects may be predictable with available models. However, synergistic interactions are difficult to capture while being central for securing ecosystem integrity. Keywords Amphipod · Feeding rate · Multiple stress · Leaf litter decomposition The impact of chemical stressors in aquatic ecosystems is increasingly assessed against the background of multiple stress (e.g. Bracewell et al. 2019). Thereby research goes beyond the traditional focus on single substances and their impact on different levels of ecological complexity, that is from genes to ecosystems or even meta-ecosystems. Research is available, amongst others, on the interactions of effects induced by chemical stressors in combination with nutrients (Fernandez et al. 2016; Nuttens et al. 2016), food scarcity (Pereira and Goncalves 2007), salinity (Szöcs et al. 2012), suspended soil particles (Magbanua et al. 2013a, b), UV irradiation (Pelletier et al. 2006), temperature changes (Janssens et al. 2014) or daily temperature fluctuations (Verheyen et al. * Mirco Bundschuh bundschuh@uni‑landau.de 1
iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
2
Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, 76857 Eußerthal, Germany
3
Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
2019). Most of the named additional factors can be related to changes in land use as well as climate change. The direction and magnitude of the joint effects of multiple stressors in aquatic ecosystems is not clear cut with additive, synergistic and antagonistic interactions being reported (Jackson et al. 2016). For instance, Janssens et al. (2014) documented stronger effects of chlorpyrifos on the damselfly Ischnura elegans at 30°C
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