Combating COVID-19 with tissue engineering: a review
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REVIEW
Combating COVID-19 with tissue engineering: a review Ayca Aydin 1 & Gizem Cebi 1 & Zeynep Ezgi Demirtas 1 & Huseyin Erkus 1 & Aleyna Kucukay 1 & Merve Ok 1 & Latife Sakalli 1 & Saadet Alpdagtas 2 & Oguzhan Gunduz 3,4 & Cem Bulent Ustundag 1 Received: 30 July 2020 / Accepted: 2 November 2020 # Qatar University and Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic triggered by SARS-CoV-2 emerged from Wuhan, China, firstly in December 2019, as well spread to almost all around the world rapidly. The main reason why this disease spreads so many people in a short time is that the virus could be transmitted from an infected person to another by infected droplets. The new emergence of diseases usually may affect multiple organs; moreover, this disease is such an example. Numerous reported studies focus on acute or chronic organ damage caused by the virus. At this point, tissue engineering (TE) strategies can be used to treat the damages with its interdisciplinary approaches. Tissue engineers could design drug delivery systems, scaffolds, and especially biomaterials for the damaged tissue and organs. In this review, brief information about SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and epidemiology of the disease will be given at first. After that, the symptoms, the tissue damages in specific organs, and cytokine effect caused by COVID-19 will be described in detail. Finally, it will be attempted to summarize and suggest the appropriate treatments with suitable biomaterials for the damages via TE approaches. The aim of this review is to serve as a summary of currently available tissue damage treatments after COVID-19. Keywords COVID-19 . SARS-CoV-2 . Tissue engineering . Regenerative medicine . Organ
1 Introduction In December 2019, an outbreak of a novel coronavirus emerged from Wuhan in China [1]. At first, it was called 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), and then it was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) [2]. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Coronaviridae family. The members of this family are enveloped, non-segmented, and positive-sense RNA viruses [3].
* Cem Bulent Ustundag [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34210 Istanbul, Turkey
2
Department of Biology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080 Van, Turkey
3
Center for Nanotechnology and Biomaterials Application and Research (NBUAM), Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
4
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
Angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) is a mediator receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The virus binds to the ACE2 receptors via its’ spike glycoprotein (S) and a plasma membrane-associated type II transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2) cleaved the S protein for membrane fusion. Then, the virus enters the cell, where it multiplies, thereby causing the cell to become infected and malfunction [4, 5] (Table 1). SARS-
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