Comparison of energy transition of Turkey and Germany: energy policy, strengths/weaknesses and targets
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Comparison of energy transition of Turkey and Germany: energy policy, strengths/weaknesses and targets Azime Telli1 · Selma Erat2,3 · Bunyamin Demir3,4 Received: 6 April 2020 / Accepted: 19 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In present study, energy transition from fossil-based to renewable energy of Turkey was compared with Germany, which is one of the world leaders, in order to analyze for which points Germany is a good model for Turkey. The renewable energy policies, strengths/weakness and targets of Germany and Turkey were examined and compared. Germany has the 4th largest economy whereas Turkey, which is a developing country has the 18th largest economy in of the world. Germany declared to have the renewable energy in the energy mix by 65% in 2030 and set the long-term targets as: to reach at least 60% of final energy and 80% of electricity consumption from renewable sources by the year 2050. Turkey is expected to reach ~ 63 GW installed renewables in 2023, which was 42 GW. Germany and Turkey have similarities for the energy security since both are fossil-based and import-dependent countries. The import quotas of Germany are 99% for oil and 96% for natural gas and quotas of Turkey are 93.2% for oil and 99.2% for natural gas. Turkey with “More Domestic, More Renewable” policy wants to reduce the foreign dependency rate and reduce the primary energy consumption by 14% by the year 2023. Germany aims to reduce the greenhouse gas emission by 40% by the year 2020 and in long-term by 80–95% in 2050 as compared to the level of 1990. Turkey declared an intention to decrease the emission by 21% by the year 2030. One of the differences between Germany and Turkey is that Germany aims to shut down the nuclear power in 2022 whereas Turkey, for the first time, is going to have nuclear power in the energy mix in 2023. Graphic abstract
Keywords Turkey · Germany · Energy policy · Renewable energy · Solar energy
Introduction
* Azime Telli [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
The world had gone into a new energy conversion process since the beginning of the twenty-first century. The fossil age, consisting of coal, oil and natural gas, respectively, started to become a challenge upon energy revolution that started with the discovery of steam. Two sources, namely as
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nuclear energy and renewable energy, stand out instead of fossil fuels during the search for diversification of resources that accelerated after the 1973 Petroleum Crisis. These two energy sources in the energy mix have low carbon emissions. Thus, the share of these sources in the energy mix is continuously increasing and probably will bring about the end of the fossil age. There is a rapid increase particularly in the share of renewable energy sources although the share of fossils in the world energy consumption is still 80%. There are several factors triggering the energy transition from fossil-based to renewabl
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