Composition analysis of PM 2.5 at multiple sites in Zhengzhou, China: implications for characterization and source appor
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Composition analysis of PM2.5 at multiple sites in Zhengzhou, China: implications for characterization and source apportionment at different pollution levels Xiaohan Liu 1 & Nan Jiang 2 & Ruiqin Zhang 2 & Xue Yu 1 & Shengli Li 2 & Qingqing Miao 1 Received: 26 April 2020 / Accepted: 20 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Zhengzhou is one of the most heavily polluted cities in China. This study collected samples of PM2.5 (atmospheric fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) at five sites in different functional areas of Zhengzhou in 2016 to investigate the chemical properties and sources of PM2.5 at three pollution levels, i.e., PM2.5 ≤ 75 μg/m3 (non-pollution, NP), 75 μg/m3 < PM2.5 ≤ 150 μg/m3 (moderate pollution, MP), and PM2.5 > 150 μg/m3 (heavy pollution, HP). Chemical analysis was conducted, and source categories and potential source region were identified for PM2.5 at different pollution levels. The health risks of toxic elements were evaluated. Results showed that the average PM2.5 concentration in Zhengzhou was 119 μg/m3, and the sum of the concentrations of SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ increased with the aggravation of pollution level (23, 42, and 114 μg/m3 at NP, MP, and HP days, respectively). Positive Matrix Factorization analysis indicated that secondary aerosols, coal combustion, vehicle traffic, industrial processes, biomass burning, and dust were the main sources of PM2.5 at three pollution levels, and accounted for 38.4%, 21.6%, 16.7%, 7.4%, 7.7%, and 8.1% on HP days, respectively. Trajectory clustering analysis showed that close-range transport was one of the dominant factors on HP days in Zhengzhou. The potential source areas were mainly located in Xinxiang, Kaifeng, Xuchang, and Pingdingshan. Significant risks existed in the non-carcinogenic risk of As (1.4–2.3) for children at three pollution levels and the non-carcinogenic risk of Pb (1.0–1.4) for children with NP and MP days. Keywords Fine particle . Pollution characteristics . Positive Matrix Factorization . Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model . Enrichment factor . Health risk assessment
Responsible Editor: Gerhard Lammel Highlights • The mean levels of PM2.5 on NP, MP, and HP days were 52, 107, and 253 μg/m3. • OC/EC ratios of 8.2, 7.6, and 9.8 were recorded on NP, MP, and HP days. • The SAs had the highest contributions during every pollution levels. • Significant non-carcinogenic risk of As and Pb exists for children. • Risks of toxic elements on HP days were greater than those on the other days. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10943-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Nan Jiang [email protected] 1
College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
2
School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
Introduction Due to rapid economic development,
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